The twelfth century was an age of institutional expansion, intellectual creativity, and high adventure, characterized by patron-monarchs like King Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, poets like Marie d
Scholastic disputation, the formalized procedure of debate in the medieval university, is one of the hallmarks of intellectual life in premodern Europe. Modeled on Socratic and Aristotelian methods of
Sometime toward the middle of the twelfth century, it is supposed, an otherwise obscure figure, born a Jew in Cologne and later ordained as a priest in Cappenberg in Westphalia, wrote a Latin account
