Introduction to Freshwater Ecological Remediation 淡水生態修復學概論（簡體書）

本書系統地介紹了水體生態修復原理與技術，闡述了淡水生態修復的基本定義及相關理論，圍繞水體生態修復的概念，對污染環境的生物修復技術、物理修復技術、化學修復技術和植物修復技術給予了比較全面的介紹，概述了水體污染環境的修復標準與修復效果評判及其方法。利用生態系統的這種自我恢復能力，輔以人工措施，使遭到破壞的生態系統逐步恢復或使生態系統向良性迴圈方向發展；並突出介紹了那些在自然突變和人類活動影響下受到破壞的自然生態系統的恢復與重建工作。本書不僅可供從事水體污染修復和生態恢復的科研人員、技術人員和管理人員閱讀，也可供高等學校環境工程、生態學、植物學等相關專業的師生參考。

黃靖宇

河海大學，副教授，2005.9－2008.7就讀於中國科學院東北地理與農業生態研究所環境科學專業，現為“河海大學環境學院”環境工程碩士生導師。 2008在中國科學院東北地理所獲得環境科學專業博士學位，同年轉入河海大學環境科學與工程博士後流動站進行博士後培育，2011年初博士後出站後留校任教。主要研究方向是濕地水環境變化與物質迴圈，對湖泊濕地、河流濕地等生態系統的物質迴圈及生態變化具有濃厚的研究興趣，具有良好的環境化學基礎。

近年來，將主要精力投入到技術應用及研發方面，十分熟悉水環境領域技術開發和項目管理。作為項目技術負責人先後在江蘇太倉市雙鳳污水廠（污水廠尾水生態處置），蘇州市甪直鎮（污水廠污泥混煤焚燒），連雲港水源地保護（薔薇湖水源地環境調查），鹽城市調水工程（大運河引水工程），吉林四平市（南湖公園海綿城市建設），吉林白山市（海綿城市專項規劃）和吉林省長春市（新凱河流域水生態綜合整治）等地成功開發、設計和運行了多項水環境保護項目。

主持了國家自然科學基金“利用樹木無損取樣分析垃圾填埋場滲瀝液中的揮發性有機物對地下水的污染”(51208177)，負責“ 國家“十二五”重大科技專項-國家重點基礎研究發展計畫（二級子課題）“城市固體廢棄物填埋孕育環境災害與可持續防控的基礎研究”(2012CB719800)的子課題“填埋場滲瀝液污染地下環境及防汙屏障”。相關的研究在國內外核心期刊發表學術論文20餘篇，其中第 一作者被SCI收錄10篇、EI檢索4篇。

《淡水生態修復學概論》是一本全英文的專著，是水體生態修復領域的專家黃靖宇教授及其團隊多年科研成果的總結，全面總結了生物修復技術、物理修復技術、化學修復技術和植物修復技術的關鍵要點和新進展，有助於生態系統恢復並向良性迴圈的方向發展。

Freshwater plays a crucial role in the health, well-being and livelihood of everyone in the world. It drives a country?s economy, integral to its ecosystems, serves as a recreation and is utilized in diverse ways. China?s freshwater resources are under pressure in terms of quality (pollution) and quantity (scarcity). The country no longer has adequate and clean water to meet all needs considering China?s population and total land area. The decline in the quality of water in China is a major economic, social and environmental problem. This is mainly due to the rapid infrastructure development of the country, industrial and agriculture activities. Freshwater in China and in the world is subject to greater competition than ever before. This book discusses the freshwater problems in the world with an emphasis on China?s status and how they can be solved through remediation technologies.

Introduction to Freshwater Ecological Remediation is an introduction of freshwater pollution and remediation technologies. It also provides an explanation of freshwater ecological remediation. The book offers anyone studying and interested in the components of water bodies worldwide (and in China), an essential understanding of major pollutants environmental engineers are battling with and the limitations in existing remediation technologies. It covers the entire breadth of the remediation technologies, providing concise, non-technical explanations of their mechanisms and processes. The book is divided into 5 independent chapters.

Chapter 1 introduces the aim/intention of the whole book by defining the main concepts and keywords in the book. They are freshwater, ecology, ecosystem, remediation and freshwater ecological remediation. The chapter continues with a detailed description of the statistics of the earth’s water distribution. It must be noted that the distribution of the earth’s water is uneven. In addition, the chapter describes the distribution and major freshwater bodies in Asia and China.

Our freshwater bodies are limited resources thus needs to be protected. In Chapter 2, we describe the types, sources of pollutants and contaminants that destroy the freshwater bodies. The health, economic and ecological impacts of polluted water are very catastrophic. The book provides past, present and future implications on the impact of polluted water. The impact of polluted water bodies on climate change and the environment is further discussed. The chapter continues to describe the freshwater quality parameters for water bodies. We conclude the chapter by describing the importance of remediation freshwater development. This chapter sets up the stage for Chapter 3, which introduces the various technologies in freshwater remediation.

Chapter 3 introduces the conventional and modern technologies in freshwater remediation (surface and ground) not only used in China but also worldwide. These technologies have been grouped into three major categories based on their methods and mechanism: physical, chemical and biological remediation technologies. The chapter also reveals the pros and cons of these technologies as well as their limitations, and the need to go greener, which is backed up with some case studies. Various categories of remediation technologies are summarized in a table at the end of the chapter.

Chapter 4 outlines case studies of modern green technologies in freshwater remediation and management used in various countries. We discussed case studies from the various continents including Asia (with emphasis on China), Europe, Africa and America.

Finally, Chapter 5 describes the future perspective of using wastewater, freshwater and the environment. Furthermore, it introduces environmentally friendly models on how to use wastewater as a resource, ways of protecting the freshwater bodies and the use of water for recreation.

This book, therefore, provides up to date information on water remediation technologies and is essential to everyone since we all have a role to play in maintaining our freshwater bodies. The content is very essential and provide baseline information for scientists and students in the field of environmental ecology, bioremediation, wastewater treatment processes, desalination technologies, water resource and recreation and many others.

The author and co-authors have made significant contributions to both international and local SCI/EI journals in the field of environmental science and engineering especially wastewater treatment technologies.In addition, they have also edited or co-edited seven scientific publications in similar disciplines.



Huang Jingyu

February 2019

Chapter 1 Introduction / 001

1.1 Freshwater / 002

1.1.1 Ecology and ecosystem / 002

1.1.2 Remediation / 002

1.1.3 Freshwater ecological remediation / 003

1.2 World freshwater and water distribution / 003

1.3 Freshwater bodies, sources and distributions in China / 009

1.3.1 Freshwater bodies in China / 009

1.3.2 Distribution of freshwater across China / 013

Review questions / 015



Chapter 2 Causes, Effects and Remediation of Freshwater Pollution / 016

2.1 Pollution and contamination in freshwater bodies / 017

2.1.1 Contamination / 017

2.1.2 Pollution / 018

2.1.3 Classification of pollutants / 020

2.1.4 Eutrophication/ Nutrient influence / 022

2.2 Causes of freshwater pollution in China / 023

2.3 Effects of freshwater pollution / 031

2.3.1 Health / 031

2.3.2 Economic / 033

2.3.3 Ecological / 033

2.4 Impacts of freshwater pollution / 035

2.4.1 Climate change / 036

2.4.2 Climate change on lakes / 038

2.5 Importance of remediation in freshwater development / 039

2.5.1 Clean water is important for our health / 039

2.5.2 Water supports our unique ecosystems / 040

2.5.3 Water provides us with food to eat / 040

2.5.4 Water helps people make a living / 040

2.5.5 Water keeps power running / 040

2.5.6 Water for recreation / 041

2.6 Types of remediation used in freshwater pollution control / 041

2.6.1 Physical remediation / 042

2.6.2 Chemical remediation / 042

2.6.3 Bio-remediation / 042

2.7 Freshwater quality parameters / 043

2.7.1 Dissolved oxygen / 045

2.7.2 pH / 046

2.7.3 Temperature / 046

2.7.4 Water density (Thermal stratification) / 047

2.7.5 Water depth / 048

2.7.6 Nutrient levels / 048

2.7.7 Algae concentration (Chl-a), phytoplankton and chlorophyll / 048

2.7.8 Total phosphorus and total Nitrogen / 050

2.7.9 Precipitation / 050

2.7.10 Total dissolved solids / 050

2.7.11 Total suspended solids / 051

2.7.12 Turbidity / 051

Review questions / 052



Chapter 3 Technologies in Freshwater Remediation / 054

3.1 Physical remediation / 055

3.1.1 Pump and treat / 055

3.1.2 Soil vapour extraction and air sparging / 056

3.1.3 Slurping/ Dual-phase extraction / 059

3.1.4 Air stripping / 060

3.1.5 Excavation / 062

3.1.6 Electrical resistance heating (ERH) / 063

3.1.7 Other techniques / 063

3.2 Chemical remediation / 065

3.2.1 In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) / 066

3.2.2 Chemical precipitation remediation / 067

3.2.3 Ion exchange / 070

3.2.4 Chemical immobilization stabilization and solidification / 071

3.2.5 Chemical adsorption / 072

3.2.6 Heterogeneous catalysis / 075

3.2.7 Others / 079

3.3 Biological (Bio-) remediation / 082

3.3.1 Bioremediation of inorganic pollutants / 082

3.3.2 Bioremediation of organic pollutants / 091

3.3.3 Others / 098

Review questions / 101



Chapter 4 Case Studies (Modern technologies) / 102

4.1 Asia / 102

4.1.1 Rice hydroponic biofilter in a pond-scale aquaponics recirculating system (China) / 102

4.1.2 Black / Odorous water (China) / 103

4.1.3 Sponge city (China) / 104

4.1.4 Ecosystem activation system (EAS) (China) / 105

4.1.5 Methane production from wastewater treatment (China) / 107

4.1.6 Water treatment with UV light (Tianjin, Northeast China) / 109

4.1.7 Modern wastewater treatment plant (Qingdao, China) / 109

4.1.8 Erhai Lake, protection and remediation policies (Yunnan Province, China) / 111

4.1.9 Qinghe wastewater treatment plant (Beijing, China) / 113

4.1.10 South-to-North water diversion project (Baiyang Lake,China) / 114

4.1.11 Sediment remediation (China) / 114

4.2 Europe / 116

4.2.1 Smart city (France) / 116

4.2.2 iMetland (Spain) / 117

4.2.3 Advanced membrane technology (Israel) / 120

4.2.4 Advanced nanotechnology / 121

4.2.5 Urine separating process / 122

4.2.6 SaltGae project / 123

4.3 Africa / 125

4.4 America / 126

4.4.1 Micro electrochemical technology METs (USA) / 126

4.4.2 Membrane filtration technologies (USA) / 128

4.4.3 Phytoremediation using Azolla (USA) / 129

4.4.4 Eutrophication and In-Lake remediation treatments (Canada and USA) / 130

4.5 Others / 131



Chapter 5 Future Prospects in Freshwater Ecosystem Management / 132

5.1 Wastewater as a resource / 132

5.2 The relevance of freshwater protection / 134

5.3 Water recreation / 137

5.4 Possible future approach / 139

5.5 Policies and models / 140

5.5.1 Conservation International (CI) “Payment for Ecosystem Services” / 140

5.5.2 World Estuary Alliance (WEA) / 141

5.5.3 The Yangtze Forum/Yangtze Conservation & Development Report / 141

5.5.4 Wetland Conservation Network / 141

5.5.5 Integrated water resource management (IWRM) / 142

5.5.6 China’s new water policy / 144



Abbreviation / 146



References / 149