River Sand Mining Modelling and Sustainable Practice: The Kangsabati River, India

Chapter - 1 Introduction1.1 River sand mining 1.2 Past work on river sand mining 1.3 Past works on river sand mining in India 1.4 Sand: mineralogical structure, origin and types 1.5 Environmental sensitivity of sand1.6 Economic significance 1.7 Global challenge for sustainable sand mining during 21st century1.8 Scope of the present study1.9 The study areaReferences......................................................................................Chapter - 2 Geomorphological thresholds and sand mining2.1 Types of river sand mining2.2 Methods of sand mining 2.3 Sand mining in alluvial Non-perennial River: process and generation 2.4 Sand mining in Kangsabati River: Background and mining sites2.5 Geographical setting of River Kangsabati: a tropical non perennial river 2.5.1 Drainage 2.5.2 Geological setup 2.5.3 Geomorphic setup 2.5.4 Soil class 2.5.5 Climate 2.5.6 Slope and elevation 2.5.7 Land use and land cover 2.5.8 Demographic setup along the basin to show the demand for sandReferences...........................................................................Chapter - 3 Sediment budget and mining area detection using RUSLE and SDR models3.1 Introduction 3.2 Sediment source 3.2.1 Soil loss estimation (RUSLE) 3.2.1.1 Objectives 3.2.1.2 Methodology and mapping 3.2.1.3 RUSLE parameter Estimation 3.2.1.3.1 Rainfall Erosivity Factor (R) 3.2.1.3.2 Soil Erodibility Factor (K) 3.2.1.3.3 Slope Length and Slope Steepness Factor (Ls) 3.2.1.3.4 Cover Management Factor (C) 3.2.1.3.5 Support Practice Factor (P) 3.2.1.4 Results and Discussions 3.2.1.4.1 Estimation of potential soil erosion 3.2.1.4.2 Sub basin wise potential annual soil loss estimation 3.2.1.4.3 Sub basin wise mean Soil erosion probability zones 3.2.1.4.4 Correlation of sub basin wise land use/land covers (LULC) and basin area