Drain for Gain: Making Water Management Worth Its Salt: Subsurface Drainage Practices in Irrigated Agriculture in Semi-arid and Arid Regions

Salinity affects 10 to 16% of all irrigated lands while the annual rate of land loss due to waterlogging and salinity is about 0.5 million hectares per year. In this dissertation, the role of subsurface drainage to reduce these problems in irrigated agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions has been analysed and challenges for improving subsurface drainage practices have been formulated.

Although the installed subsurface drainage systems are in general technically sound and cost-effective, drainage development lags behind irrigation development and consequently a substantial part of the irrigated areas suffers from waterlogging and salinity. This is mainly because the subsurface drainage systems are designed and implemented by government, with the users, the small farmers, having little responsibility and having little input. In the adopted top-down approach the location-specific conditions and farmers’ preferences are hardly taken into consideration. Furthermore, the emphasis has been on the technical aspects (the physical infrastructure), while the organizational aspects (institutional infrastructure) have been largely neglected.

To reverse the negative trend in salt build-up and waterlogging in irrigated lands in semi-arid and arid regions, a number of challenges for enhancing the role of subsurface drainage have been formulated: (i) balancing top-down against bottom-up, (ii) from standardization to flexibility and (iii) focus on capacity development.

Henk Ritzema received his MSc degree from the Department of Civil Engineering at Delft University of Technology in 1980. After graduation, he worked for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN and the Dutch Civil Service. In 1989 he joined the International Institute for Land Reclamation (formerly ILRI, now Alterra), Wageningen. In 2008 he joined the Irrigation and Water Engineering Group at Wageningen University.

Preface; 1 Introduction; 2 Subsurface drainage practices in Egypt ; 3 Subsurface drainage practices in India; 4 Subsurface drainage practices in Pakistan; 5 Improving subsurface drainage practices; 6 Capacity development to improve subsurface drainage practices; 7 Synthesis: subsurface drainage practices in irrigated agriculture; 8 The way forward: enhancing the role of subsurface drainage