1449

For the overwhelming majority of people outside the French-speaking world the Hundred Years War consisted of a sequence of major English victories, above all Crecy, Poitiers and Agincourt. The only s

In this ground‐breaking, posthumous study, the late Lo Jung‐pang discusses the geographic, political,and commercial factors that led to the emergence of seapower and a navy under the Ming. WhileZheng He and his seven expeditions have received some scholarly attention, few understand the longhistory of maritime engagement which provided the nautical and technical background for thesevoyages. The evolution of this maritime engagement and its extension into the Indian Ocean is thefocus of Lo’s still‐timely and highly significant work.In addition to detailing the rise of the Ming navy and its extraordinary accomplishments, Lo alsoexamines some of the factors that led to the end of China’s first great maritime era: Why did Chinasuddenly seem to turn away from the seas? Were the military defeats in Annam and on the northernborders significant in this? Or were financial pressures key?Empire in the Western Ocean represents the most comprehensive and insightful English‐languagetreatment to date

In this ground-breaking, posthumous study, the late Lo Jung-pang discusses the geographic, political, and commercial factors that led to the emergence of seapower and a navy under the Ming. While Zheng He and his seven expeditions have received some scholarly attention, few understand the long history of maritime engagement which provided the nautical and technical background for these voyages. The evolution of this maritime engagement and its extension into the Indian Ocean is the focus of Lo’s still-timely and highly significant work. In addition to detailing the rise of the Ming navy and its extraordinary accomplishments, Lo also examines some of the factors that led to the end of China’s first great maritime era: Why did China suddenly seem to turn away from the seas? Were the military defeats in Annam and on the northern borders significant in this? Or were financial pressures key? Empire in the Western Ocean represents the most comprehensive and insightful English-language trea

書稿分五編，每編圍繞一個主題，大體可歸納為三個方向。一、針對黃土高原複雜地貌帶的研究。共選取了黃土高原風沙過渡區、農牧交錯帶、黃土原梁區、秦嶺北麓山原交錯區等區域，研究了這些邊緣區的環境與社會關係，多數圍繞這一區域的市鎮體系的形成過程開展工作，主要考慮城鎮是區域社會的骨架，是分析區域社會結構最基本的空間單元。二、環境事件的研究。選取較典型的環境事件進行生態與環境互動關係的探討，重點解析黃土高原作為

《戰爭傳說》講述明中期宦官專權、閹況亂政，朝政十分腐敗。正統十四年（1449），蒙古族瓦刺部入侵中土，權臣官王振錯庸無能，慫恿英宗皇御駕親征，遂發生土木之變，英宗被俘，明王朝危在旦夕。于謙臨危受命，任兵部尚書，親自指揮數十萬軍民進行了名揚青史的北京保衛戰，擊退瓦刺，換狂瀾于既倒……天真、純潔的瓦刺女子娜仁高娃原本無憂無慮地與父母兄弟、情人阿臺在草原上過著安寧自在的幸福生活。然而天有不測風云，正當高

《至尊上師羅桑察貝悲密傳祈請文》（簡稱《密傳祈請文》）是宗喀巴大師（西元1357–1419年）的「事業等如虛空之四大弟子」之一的蔣央確傑（妙音法王）．札希奔滇（西元1379–1449年），於宗喀巴大師圓寂後，於哲蚌正法大寺院（哲蚌寺）撰寫完成。《密傳祈請文》是宗喀巴大師嫡傳弟子所記，是瞭解宗喀巴大師一生為法忘軀、尋求多聞、精勤修行及弘法利生的第一手資料，收錄於塔爾寺木刻本「至尊宗喀巴大師文集」第一函、第四部（代號No. 004/KA004）。如題名所示，本書主要是依克主傑的No. 003/KA003《傑仁波切如海密傳中完整敘述少分之言論：寶穗》（簡稱《密傳寶穗》），並參酌克主傑的No. 001/KA001《至尊上師宗喀巴大師稀有殊勝傳記：正信入門》（簡稱《正信入門》）所撰寫的42首偈頌的祈請文。✻ 特色一：《密傳祈請文》被編入格魯派三大寺日常課誦本，也是歷年格魯祈願大法會的常規課誦，值得恆時讀誦。✻ 特色二：讀者不僅可以藉由新譯及詳細注釋（含隨文注及章末注）瞭解《密傳祈請文》的內容，其中的藏漢對照也可做為學習藏文書面語的進階教材。✻ 特色三：《密傳祈請文》以偈頌體風格記載宗喀巴大師極為秘密的不共事蹟。✻ 特色四：標示塔爾寺木刻本所在葉碼（folio no./plate no.）及對應的對勘本頁碼（page no.），方便讀者查找藏文原文。

The Council of Basel (1431-1449) tried defending the faith and reforming the Church. In conflict with Pope Eugenius IV over supreme ecclesiastical power, it attempted his deposition. The ensuing strug

本書敘述明中期正統朝故事：明宣宗死後，9虛歲的皇太子朱祁鎮登基即位，宦官王振堂管司禮監，把持朝政。1449年7月瓦刺首領也先率軍南下進攻明朝，主力直逼大同。明英宗在王振鼓惑和挾持下，不顧臣僚勸阻，決意親征。1449年8月31日瓦刺軍發動進攻，明軍全線崩潰。在混戰中，王振被明將樊忠以棰擊死，英宗被瓦刺軍俘虜，50多萬明軍死傷過半……於是景泰繼位。

The Medici controlled fifteenth-century Florence. Other Italian rulers treated Lorenzo the Magnificent (1449–1492) as an equal. To his close associates, he was “the boss” (“master of the workshop”). B

Sir Rhys ap Thomas (1449?1525) was a Welsh soldier and landholder who attained prominence during the Wars of the Roses and was instrumental in the victory of Henry Tudor at the Battle of Bosworth Fiel

Lorenzo il Magnifico de' Medici was the head of the ruling political party at the apogee of the Golden Age of Quattrocento Florence. Born in 1449, his life was shaped by privilege and responsibility,

This is the first book-length collection in English of the literary works of Lorenzo de’Medici, the major poetic voice of the Florentine Resistance.Lorenzo de’Medici (1449-92) was the ruler of Florenc

In the past half century scholars have downplayed the significance of Lorenzo de' Medici (1449–1492), called "the Magnificent," as a patron of the arts. Less wealthy than his grandfa

Essays in this volume argue that it is time for a powerful reassessment of John Lydgate's poetic projects. The pre-eminent poet of his own century, Lydgate (c. 1370-1449) addressed the historical chal