1569

To many people, the history of the railway begins with the opening of the Liverpool & Manchester Railway in 1830. By that time, however, the concept of the railway in Britain was already over 250

Scholars have identify Juan de Avila (1499-1569) as the author of a distinctively judeoconverso spirituality. However, there are no comprehensive studies that seriously take into account his backgroun

Grosjean (The Research Institute of Irish and Scottish Studies, Aberdeen) began her study to look more deeply into the few high-profile Scots who migrated to Sweden during the 17th century and became

Few people will realise that at one time the Polish state was one of Europe's great powers. One of the chief instruments of her success was undoubtedly her army, which though small can claim many acco

The Northern Rebellion of 1569 offers the first full-length study of the only armed rebellion in Elizabethan England. Addressing recent scholarship on the Reformation and popular politics, it highligh

Scholars of English literature explore the interplay among various facets of early modern intellectual endeavor, noting that people then did not make modern distinctions for example between poetry and

This book is an examination of why and how the elective principle, already established in Transylvanian and Polish political culture in the late medieval period, was transformed in the early elections

The history of eastern European is dominated by the story of the rise of the Russian empire, yet Russia only emerged as a major power after 1700. For 300 years the greatest power in Eastern Europe was

This book is a study of the relationship between ideology and social behaviour. Professor Crew analyses the attitudes and characters of the Calvinist ministers who preached in the Netherlands in the mid-sixteenth century and their effect on the popular religious upheavals which occurred during the summer of 1566. The hedge-preaching and iconoclasm which erupted in the period before the Dutch Revolt have been the subject of considerable speculation among historians, who have have developed a variety of interpretations of these events. Professor Crew views the Troubles in the broader context of the international Calvinist movement and iconoclastic violence in France and England. She questions whether the Netherlands ministers were clearly and strongly Calvinist, whether they shared specific characteristics of personality, social status or education, and whether they were 'charismatic leaders' in the sense given to the term by Max Weber.

This book considers the phenomenon of nation-building before the age of modern nationalism. It focuses on royal (Polish) Prussia - the 'other' Prussia - a province of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1466 to 1772/3, and its major cities Danzig, Thorn and Elbing. As an integral part of the Polish state the Prussian estates took pride in their separate institutions and privileges. Although its urban elites became predominantly Protestant and German-speaking, they formulated a republican identity deliberately hostile to the competing monarchical-dynastic myth in neighbouring ducal Prussia, ruled by the Brandenburg-Hohenzollerns from 1618. After 1700, the Polish crown increasingly antagonized the Prussian burghers by its centralizing policies and its failure to protect the integrity of the Commonwealth's borders. The decline of Poland and the partitions of 1772–93 guaranteed that it was not the tradition of liberty but the Hohenzollern version of Prussian identity that survived into

Timothy Snyder traces the emergence of four rival modern nationalist ideologies from common medieval notions of citizenship. He presents the ideological innovations and ethnic cleansings that abetted