Nineteenth-century French Jewry was a community struggling to meet the challenges of emancipation and modernity. This struggle, with its origins in the founding of the French nation, constitu
In September 1791, two years after the Revolution, French Jews were granted full rights of citizenship. Scholarship has traditionally focused on this turning point of emancipation while often overlook
The two volumes of Protocols of Justice comprise the complete text of the Metz Pinkas Beit Din, fully annotated by Jay R. Berkovitz, and a thorough analysis of its significance for history and law at
In medieval Europe, the much larger Christian population regarded Jews as their inferiors, but how did both Christians and Jews feel about those who were marginalized within the Ashkenazi Jewish commu
