This book presents the theoretical foundations of modeling the optical characteristics of liquid crystal displays. It considers in detail the modern matrix formalisms of optics of anisotropic stratifi
This book is aimed at scientists and engineers wanting to use radioisotopes and the emitted ionising radiations competently but without seeking expertise. It describes decay and stability criteria, necessary precautions to ensure radiation protection and the detection of alpha, beta and gamma rays including spectrometry. There are comments on calorimetry, liquid scintillation counting, how to use secondary standard instruments, high resolution detectors and how to calculate counting results estimating uncertainties and allowing for the statistics of radionuclide decays. The book's principal purpose is to encourage radionuclide applications which can be done safely, reliably and accurately. It describes industrial and scientific applications of alpha, beta, and gamma rays, neutrons and high energy radiations. This book will be of particular interest to scientists and technologists, teachers and students, helping them to work with radioisotopes safely, efficiently and reliably.
There are a variety of models which can be used to study nuclear structure and dynamics. This book gives a comprehensive overview of these various models, concentrating in particular on a description of deformed and rotating nuclei. Following a treatment of the semi-empirical mass formula and nuclear stability, the liquid-drop and simple shell models are introduced and described. The spherical nuclear one-particle potential is introduced and developed to cover the case of deformed nuclei. The latter chapters of the book are devoted to discussions of barrier penetration, fast nuclear rotation, nucleon-nucleon interactions and the pairing interaction. Many problems and solutions are included, which help to illustrate key concepts. The book will be invaluable to graduate students of nuclear physics, and to anyone engaged in research in this field.
When many polymers are heated they transform directly into carbons, without passing through an intermediate liquid paste. Such carbons are termed polymetric carbons. Phenolic resins yield an isotropic impervious black glassy carbon which is hard enough to scratch window glass and has interesting electronic properties. polyacrylonitrile fibres yield carbon fibre with enormous stiffness and strength. Combinations of the two produce the strongest carbon material (carbon-fibre-reinforced carbon). Carbon-fibre-reinforced plastics are revolutionary low density-high-stiffness materials. This 1976 book brings together data from the authors' work to describe the manufacture of polymetric carbons. It provides a description of physical, mechanical and chemical properties which are related as closely as possible to the revealed structure. Emphasis is placed on the more interesting aspects, such as development of high-strength, high-stiffness material, the semi-conducting behaviour of intermediate
Now in paperback, this book provides an overview of the physics of condensed matter systems. Assuming a familiarity with the basics of quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics, the book establishes a general framework for describing condensed phases of matter, based on symmetries and conservation laws. It explores the role of spatial dimensionality and microscopic interactions in determining the nature of phase transitions, as well as discussing the structure and properties of materials with different symmetries. Particular attention is given to critical phenomena and renormalization group methods. The properties of liquids, liquid crystals, quasicrystals, crystalline solids, magnetically ordered systems and amorphous solids are investigated in terms of their symmetry, generalised rigidity, hydrodynamics and topological defect structure. In addition to serving as a course text, this book is an essential reference for students and researchers in physics, applied physics, chemistry, m
This is the first book devoted to Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) as an interdisciplinary subject, covering atomic and molecular physics, laser physics, low temperature physics and astrophysics. It contains 18 authoritative review articles on experimental and theoretical research in BEC and associated phenomena. Bose–Einstein condensation is a phase transition in which a macroscopic number of particles all go into the same quantum state. It has been known for some time that this phenomenon gives rise to superfluidity in liquid helium but recent research has focused on the search for BEC in other condensed matter systems, such as excitons, spin-polarised hydrogen, laser-cooled atoms, high-temperature superconductors and subatomic matter. This unique book gives an in-depth report on progress in this field and suggests promising research topics for the future. It will be of interest to graduate students and research workers in condensed matter, low temperature, atomic and laser physics.
This volume provides a detailed account of bosonization. This important technique represents one of the most powerful nonperturbative approaches to many-body systems currently available. The first part of the book examines the technical aspects of bosonization. Topics include one-dimensional fermions, the Gaussian model, the structure of Hilbert space in conformal theories, Bose-Einstein condensation in two dimensions, non-Abelian bosonization, and the Ising and WZNW models. The second part presents applications of the bosonization technique to realistic models including the Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid, spin liquids in one dimension and the spin-1/2 Heisenberg chain with alternating exchange. The third part addresses the problems of quantum impurities. Chapters cover potential scattering, the X-ray edge problem, impurities in Tomonaga-Luttinger liquids and the multi-channel Kondo problem. This book will be an excellent reference for researchers and graduate students working in theoretica
This textbook provides a clear, concise and comprehensive review of the physical principles behind the devices used to detect charged particles and gamma rays, and the construction and performance of these many different types of detectors. This second edition has been thoroughly revised and updated to include all the latest developments in detector technology. Detectors for high-energy particles and radiation are used in many areas of science, especially particle physics and nuclear physics experiments, nuclear medicine, cosmic ray measurements, space sciences and geological exploration. This second edition includes several new chapters, covering micro-strip gas chambers, silicon strip detectors and CCDs, scintillating fibres, shower detectors using noble liquid gases, and compensating calorimeters for hadronic showers. This lucid textbook is well illustrated throughout with examples from the many areas in science in which these detectors are used. It provides both a coursebook for st
The processes of freezing and melting were present at the beginnings of the Earth and continue to dominate the natural and industrial worlds. The solidification of a liquid or the melting of a solid involves a complex interplay of many physical effects. This 2001 book presents in a systematic way the field of continuum solidification theory based on instability phenomena. An understanding of the physics is developed by using examples of increasing complexity with the object of creating a deep physical insight applicable to more complex problems. Applied mathematicians, engineers, physicists, and materials scientists will all find this volume of interest.
This textbook provides a clear, concise and comprehensive review of the physical principles behind the devices used to detect charged particles and gamma rays, and the construction and performance of these many different types of detectors. This second edition has been thoroughly revised and updated to include all the latest developments in detector technology. Detectors for high-energy particles and radiation are used in many areas of science, especially particle physics and nuclear physics experiments, nuclear medicine, cosmic ray measurements, space sciences and geological exploration. This second edition includes several new chapters, covering micro-strip gas chambers, silicon strip detectors and CCDs, scintillating fibres, shower detectors using noble liquid gases, and compensating calorimeters for hadronic showers. This lucid textbook is well illustrated throughout with examples from the many areas in science in which these detectors are used. It provides both a coursebook for st
Many of the exciting new developments in microscale engineering are based on the application of traditional principles of statistical thermodynamics. This book offers a modern view of thermodynamics, interweaving classical and statistical thermodynamic principles and applying them to current engineering systems. It begins with coverage of microscale energy storage mechanisms from a quantum mechanics perspective and develops the fundamentals of classical and statistical thermodynamics. Next, applications of equilibrium statistical thermodynamics to solid, liquid, and gas phase systems are discussed. The remainder of the book discusses nonequilibrium thermodynamics of transport phenomena and introduces nonequilibrium effects and noncontinuum behaviour at the microscale. Although the text emphasizes mathematical development, it includes many examples and exercises illustrating how the theoretical concepts are applied to systems of scientific and engineering interest. It offers a fresh vie
Hunley, former Chief Historian of NASA Dryden Flight Research Center, has written an engaging and thorough history of the science of rockets, tracing their history from Robert Goddard's use of liquid
Since the discovery of high Tc superconductivity, the role of electron correlation on superconductivity has been an important issue in condensed matter physics. Here the role of electron correlation in metals is explained in detail on the basis of the Fermi liquid theory. The book, originally published in 2004, discusses the following issues: enhancements of electronic specific heat and magnetic susceptibility, effects of electron correlation on transport phenomena such as electric resistivity and Hall coefficient, magnetism, Mott transition and unconventional superconductivity. These originate commonly from the Coulomb repulsion between electrons. In particular, superconductivity in strongly correlated electron systems is discussed with a unified point of view. This book is written to explain interesting physics in metals for undergraduate and graduate students and researchers in condensed matter physics.
Nuclear Superfluidity is an advanced text devoted exclusively to pair correlations in nuclei. It begins by exploring pair correlations in a variety of systems including superconductivity in metals at low temperatures and superfluidity in liquid 3He and in neutron stars. The book goes on to introduce basic theoretical methods, symmetry breaking and symmetry restoration in finite many-body systems. The last four chapters are devoted to introducing results on the role of induced interactions in the structure of both normal and exotic nuclei. The most important of these is the renormalization of the pairing interaction due to the coupling of pairs of nucleons to low energy nuclear collective excitations. This book will be essential reading for researchers and students in both experimental and theoretical nuclear physics, and related research fields such as metal clusters, fullerenes and quantum dots.
The applications of solvent extraction (SX) and liquid membranes (LM) span chemistry, metallurgy, hydrometallurgy, chemical/mineral processing, and waste treatment—making it difficult to find a
More famous in his day than Einstein or Edison, the troubled, solitary genius Robert H. Goddard (1882-1945) was the American father of rocketry and space flight, launching the world's first liquid-fue
This account of an East African religion as it was during the 1950s discusses a variety of issues in the study of religion, within the context of case materials and other field data. The Taita people of southern Kenya called their religion Butasi after its central act which combined utterance with spraying-out of liquid from the mouth. Taking up the central theme of mystical anger, Dr Harris explores the social and cultural aspects of doctrines and rituals. She shows that the interpretation and shaping of the experience of misfortune occurred in religious interaction: between living humans having mystical attributes, and between them and person-like mystical agencies. Many of the concepts, practices, themes and elements discussed have been reported for other African religions, often with little comment or analysis. Here they are brought together, explored, and related to one another. The result is a many-sided, yet integrated picture of a single religion. Presented in clear and non-tec
This exciting textbook on the structure, property and applications of materials, is written for advanced undergraduate courses on the principles of Materials Science. It covers the main topics commonly encountered by students in materials science and engineering but explores them in greater depth than standard introductory textbooks, making it ideal for use on a second-level course and upwards. Major topics covered include crystallography, symmetry and bonding-related properties, phase diagrams and transformations, ordering, diffusion, solidification, and dedicated chapters on amorphous, liquid crystal, magnetic and novel materials, including shape memory. Each chapter contains numerous illustrative examples, problem sets, references and notes of interest to aid student understanding, with a chapter of hints on engineering calculations to ensure mathematical competency.
Ionic Liquids UnCOILed presents decisively important reviews on new processes and recent developments in ionic liquid technology with an emphasis on commercial applications in which ionic liquids are
Cellulose is the most abundant organic polymer on earth. In solution, cellulose derivatives can form liquid crystals which take on characteristics of the solid state with unique optical and physico-me
