Logic Programs

This book is dedicated to Marek Sergot, Professor in Computational Logic at Imperial College London, on the occasion of his 60th birthday. Professor Sergot’s scientific contributions range over many d

This book develops the theory of typed feature structures, a data structure that generalizes both first-order terms and feature structures of unification-based grammars to include inheritance, typing, inequality, cycles and intensionality. The resulting synthesis serves as a logical foundation for grammars, logic programming and constraint-based reasoning systems. A logical perspective is adopted which employs an attribute-value description language along with complete equational axiomatizations of the various systems of feature structures. At the same time, efficiency concerns are kept in mind and complexity and representability results are provided. The application of feature structures to phrase structure grammars is described and completeness results are shown for standard evaluation strategies. Definite clause logic programs are treated as a special case of phrase structure grammars. Constraint systems are introduced and an enumeration technique is developed for solving arbitrary

The purpose of the book is to help readers learn general programming topics, structured programming principles, and how to use basic tools and algorithms. There are two modules contained in Messinge

C++ PROGRAMS TO ACCOMPANY PROGRAMMING LOGIC AND DESIGN is specifically designed to be paired with the latest edition of Farrell's highly successful PROGRAMMING LOGIC AND DESIGN. Together, the two book

JAVA? PROGRAMS TO ACCOMPANY PROGRAMMING LOGIC AND DESIGN is specifically designed to be paired with the latest edition of Farrell's highly successful PROGRAMMING LOGIC AND DESIGN. Together, the two bo

MICROSOFT VISUAL BASIC PROGRAMS TO ACCOMPANY PROGRAMMING LOGIC AND DESIGN is specifically designed to be paired with the latest edition of Farrell's highly successful PROGRAMMING LOGIC AND DESIGN. Tog

Learn the fundamental principles of developing structured program logic and be prepared for success with Joyce Farrell�s PROGRAMMING LOGIC AND DESIGN, 10th EDITION. This edition takes a comprehensive and language-independent approach to programming logic with an emphasis on modern conventions. It avoids technical jargon while introducing universal programming concepts and ensuring strong programming style and logical thinking. Chapters contain figures that illustrate the logic described in the text, and there are diverse and project-rich opportunities for you to creatively apply logic to program designs. Flowcharts and pseudocode are employed to appeal to varied learning styles and preferences. Chapters contain learning objectives, notes and short quizzes, summaries, key terms and multiple-choice review. Plus, there are multiple exercises in developing programming logic, maintaining existing programs, debugging programs that contain errors, and developing simple games.

This book is concerned with techniques for formal theorem-proving, with particular reference to Cambridge LCF (Logic for Computable Functions). Cambridge LCF is a computer program for reasoning about computation. It combines the methods of mathematical logic with domain theory, the basis of the denotational approach to specifying the meaning of program statements. Cambridge LCF is based on an earlier theorem-proving system, Edinburgh LCF, which introduced a design that gives the user flexibility to use and extend the system. A goal of this book is to explain the design, which has been adopted in several other systems. The book consists of two parts. Part I outlines the mathematical preliminaries, elementary logic and domain theory, and explains them at an intuitive level, giving reference to more advanced reading; Part II provides sufficient detail to serve as a reference manual for Cambridge LCF. It will also be a useful guide for implementors of other programs based on the LCF approa

Poverty relief programs are shaped by politics. The particular design which social programs take is to a large extent determined by the existing institutional constraints and politicians' imperative to win elections. The Political Logic of Poverty Relief places elections and institutional design at the core of poverty alleviation. The authors develop a theory with applications to Mexico about how elections shape social programs aimed at aiding the poor. Would political parties possess incentives to target the poor with transfers aimed at poverty alleviation or would they instead give these to their supporters? Would politicians rely on the distribution of particularistic benefits rather than public goods? The authors assess the welfare effects of social programs in Mexico and whether voters reward politicians for targeted poverty alleviation programs. The book provides a new interpretation of the role of cash transfers and poverty relief assistance in the development of welfare state i

JAVA? PROGRAMS TO ACCOMPANY PROGRAMMING LOGIC AND DESIGN is specifically designed to be paired with the latest edition of Farrell's highly successful PROGRAMMING LOGIC AND DESIGN. Together, the two bo

A primer on the underlying technologies that allow computer programs to work. Covers topics like computer hardware, combinatorial logic, sequential logic, computer architecture, computer anatomy, and

The curious flight patterns of crows lead a teen computer programmer down a path of mystery and romance.Gin trusts logic a little too much. She even designs programs to decide what to eat and how to s

A systematic program design method can help developers ensure the correctness and performance of programs while minimizing the development cost. This book describes a method that starts with a clear specification of a computation and derives an efficient implementation by step-wise program analysis and transformations. The method applies to problems specified in imperative, database, functional, logic and object-oriented programming languages with different data, control and module abstractions. Designed for courses or self-study, this book includes numerous exercises and examples that require minimal computer science background, making it accessible to novices. Experienced practitioners and researchers will appreciate the detailed examples in a wide range of application areas including hardware design, image processing, access control, query optimization and program analysis. The last section of the book points out directions for future studies.

What is knowledge and how is it represented? This book focuses on the idea of formalising knowledge as relations, interpreting knowledge represented in databases or logic programs as relational data and discovering new knowledge by identifying hidden and defining new relations. After a brief introduction to representational issues, the author develops a relational language for abstract machine learning problems. He then uses this language to discuss traditional methods such as clustering and decision tree induction, before moving onto two previously underestimated topics that are just coming to the fore: rough set data analysis and inductive logic programming. Its clear and precise presentation is ideal for undergraduate computer science students. The book will also interest those who study artificial intelligence or machine learning at the graduate level. Exercises are provided and each concept is introduced using the same example domain, making it easier to compare the individual pro

Knowledge management and knowledge-based intelligence are areas of importance in the economy and society, and to exploit them fully and efficiently it is necessary both to represent and reason about knowledge via a declarative interface whose input language is based on logic. In this book, originally published in 2003, Chitta Baral shows exactly how to go about doing that: how to write programs that behave intelligently by giving them the ability to express knowledge and reason about it. He presents a language, AnsProlog, for both knowledge representation and reasoning, and declarative problem solving. The results have been organised here into a form that will appeal to practising and would-be knowledge engineers wishing to learn more about the subject, either in courses or through self-teaching. A comprehensive bibliography rounds off the book.

Growing Public examines the question of whether social policies that redistribute income impose constraints on economic growth. What kept prospering nations from using taxes for social programs until the end of the nineteenth century? Why did taxes and spending then grow so much, and what are the prospects for social spending in this century? Why did North America become a leader in public education in some ways and not others? Lindert finds answers in the economic history and logic of political voice, population ageing, and income growth. Contrary to traditional beliefs, the net national costs of government social programs are virtually zero. This book not only shows that no Darwinian mechanism has punished the welfare states, but uses history to explain why this surprising result makes sense. Contrary to the intuition of many economists and the ideology of many politicians, social spending has contributed to, rather than inhibited, economic growth.

Monitoring Ecological Impacts provides the tools needed by professional ecologists, scientists, engineers, planners and managers to design assessment programs that can reliably monitor, detect and allow management of human impacts on the natural environment. The procedures described are well grounded in inferential logic, and the statistical models needed to analyse complex data are given. Step-by-step guidelines and flow diagrams provide the reader with clear and useable protocols, which can be applied in any region of the world and to a wide range of human impacts. In addition, real examples are used to show how the theory can be put into practice. Although the context of this book is flowing water environments, especially rivers and streams, the advice for designing assessment programs can be applied to any ecosystem.

Declarative programs consist of mathematical functions and relations and are amenable to formal specification and verification, since the methods of logic and proof can be applied to the programs in a well-defined manner. Here Dr Padawitz emphasizes verification based on logical inference rules, i.e. deduction (in contrast with model-theoretic approaches, deductive methods can be automated to some extent). His treatment of the subject differs from others in that he tries to capture the actual styles and applications of programming; neither too general with respect to the underlying logic, nor too restrictive for the practice of programming. He generalizes and unifies results from classical theorem-proving and term rewriting to provide proof methods tailored to declarative program synthesis and verification. Detailed examples accompany the development of the methods, whose use is supported by a documented prototyping system. The book can be used for graduate courses or as a reference fo

In this lively series of essays, Tom Dean explores interesting fundamental topics in computer science with the aim of showing how computers and computer programs work and how the various subfields of computer science are connected. Along the way, he conveys his fascination with computers and enthusiasm for working in a field that has changed almost every aspect of our daily lives. The essays touch on a wide range of topics, from digital logic and machine language to artificial intelligence and searching the World Wide Web, considering such questions as: • How can a computer learn to recognize junk email? • What happens when you click on a link in a browser? • How can you program a robot to do two things at once? • Are there limits on what computers can do? The author invites readers to experiment with short programs written in several languages. Through these interactions he grounds the models and metaphors of computer science and makes the underlying computational ideas more concrete.

Growing Public examines the question of whether social policies that redistribute income impose constraints on economic growth. Taxes and transfers have been debated for centuries, but only now can we get a clear view of the whole evolution of social spending. What kept prospering nations from using taxes for social programs until the end of the nineteenth century? Why did taxes and spending then grow so much, and what are the prospects for social spending in this century? Why did North America become a leader in public education in some ways and not others? Lindert finds answers in the economic history and logic of political voice, population aging, and income growth. Contrary to traditional beliefs, the net national costs of government social programs are virtually zero. This book not only shows that no Darwinian mechanism has punished the welfare states, but uses history to explain why this surprising result makes sense. Contrary to the intuition of many economists and the ideology

Explains how to create controls tailored to data and application logic; develop user interfaces, dockable windows, and vector-based drawing programs; and code user interfaces with context-sensitive he

A programming course should concentrate as much as possible on a program's logical structure and design rather than simply show how to write code. The Functional Approach to Programming achieves this aim because logical concepts are evident and programs are transparent so can be written quickly and cleanly. In this book the authors emphasise the notions of function and function application which relate programming to familiar concepts from mathematics and logic. They introduce functional programming via examples but also explain what programs compute and how to reason about them. They show how the ideas can be implemented in the Caml language, a dialect of the ML family, and give examples of how complex programs from a variety of areas (such as arithmetic, tree algorithms, graph algorithms, text parsing and geometry) can be developed in close agreement with their specifications. Many exercises and examples are included throughout the book; solutions are also available.

This outstanding collection is designed to address the fundamental issues and principles underlying the task of Artificial Intelligence. The editors have selected not only papers now recognized as classics but also many specially commissioned papers which examine the methodological and theoretical foundations of the discipline from a wide variety of perspectives: computer science and software engineering, cognitive psychology, philosophy, formal logic and linguistics. Carefully planned and structured, the volume tackles many of the contentious questions of immediate concern to AI researchers and interested observers. Is Artificial Intelligence in fact a discipline, or is it simply part of computer science? What is the role of programs in AI and how do they relate to theories? What is the nature of representation and implementation, and how should the challenge of connectionism be viewed? Can AI be characterized as an empirical science? The comprehensiveness of this collection is furthe

This book provides the first comprehensive introduction to Dynamic Logic. Among the many approaches to formal reasoning about programs, Dynamic Logic enjoys the singular advantage of being strongly

The past years have seen a large number of effective implementations of logic programs for a variety of computer architectures in numerous application areas. Logic programming continues to develop by

Within the field of logic programming there have been numerous attempts to transform grammars into logic programs. This book describes a complementary approach that views logic programs as grammars an

Modern Digital Technology: From ideas to devices aims to expose elements of digital technology — logic, code, flow, multiple kinds of programs, and underlying computational issues — to a broad and gen

a powerful default-handling system that yields an intuitive behavior in several domains of interest in AI, including inheritance hierarchies, reasoning about change, general logic programs, and abduct

George Boole, for whom Boolean logic is named, developed the idea of expressing any idea as a mathematical or logical statement. Today, Boolean logic is foundational to computer programs and computer

This book gives a tutorial overview of Goedel, presents example programs, provides a formal definition of the syntax and semantics of the language, and covers background material on logic. Goedel is