Spring

Michael Johnston argues that corruption will persist, and even be the rule rather than the exception, until those with a stake in ending it can act in ways that cannot be ignored. This is the key principle of 'deep democratization', enabling citizens to defend their interests by political means. The author analyses four syndromes of corruption in light of this principle: official moguls in Egypt and Tunisia, oligarchs and clans in the Philippines, elite cartels in Argentina, and influence markets in France, Australia and the US. Johnston argues that different kinds of corruption require distinctive responses, each bearing specific risks. Focusing on recent events, including the global economic crisis and the Arab Spring, he shows that we can assess vulnerabilities to corruption and the effects of reforms, and use this information to identify new practices. His book offers a fundamental reappraisal of ways to check abuses of wealth and power.

Michael Johnston argues that corruption will persist, and even be the rule rather than the exception, until those with a stake in ending it can act in ways that cannot be ignored. This is the key principle of 'deep democratization', enabling citizens to defend their interests by political means. The author analyses four syndromes of corruption in light of this principle: official moguls in Egypt and Tunisia, oligarchs and clans in the Philippines, elite cartels in Argentina, and influence markets in France, Australia and the US. Johnston argues that different kinds of corruption require distinctive responses, each bearing specific risks. Focusing on recent events, including the global economic crisis and the Arab Spring, he shows that we can assess vulnerabilities to corruption and the effects of reforms, and use this information to identify new practices. His book offers a fundamental reappraisal of ways to check abuses of wealth and power.

In the spring of 1837, people panicked as financial and economic uncertainty spread within and between New York, New Orleans and London. Although the period of panic would dramatically influence political, cultural and social history, those who panicked sought to erase from history their experiences of one of America's worst early financial crises. The Many Panics of 1837 reconstructs this period in order to make arguments about the national boundaries of history, the role of information in the economy, the personal and local nature of national and international events, the origins and dissemination of economic ideas, and most importantly, what actually happened in 1837. This riveting transatlantic cultural history, based on archival research on two continents, reveals how people transformed their experiences of financial crisis into the 'Panic of 1837', a single event that would serve as a turning point in American history and an early inspiration for business cycle theory.

結合院校教學和社會培訓特點，將平面設計分為若干模塊，如封面設計、包裝設計、廣告設計、宣傳單設計等等，每個模塊安排若干實例講解 ，所有實例均來源于作者的實際工作實踐，保證實用性和原創性，以制作思路+制作流程圖+制作步驟+專家提醒+課后訓練的寫作思路，盡量將實例講細講透，讓人學有所得 。全書分為11章，其中范例“開門見喜、健康、神奇巧手、瓜果節、Spring、LOVE YOU”介紹文字特效設計；范例“

本書是作者多年來對J2EE開發經驗的總結，以及對開源軟件深入研究成果的匯總，內容覆蓋了基於Web的流行開源軟件。該書詳細介紹了面向開源軟件的軟件開發原理、方法和技術，介紹了實現開源軟件的開發語言和方法；介紹、分析了包括以Spring為中心的Struts、Hibernate、Flex、CXF、Tuscany、Jetspeed等眾多開源軟件的集成方法和應用技巧，以及支持這些開源軟件的Web服務器原理和

'The Fox and the Hare' is a Russian folktale retold by Vladimir Dal. This book is based on Francesca Yarbusova's sketches to the award-winning animated film directed by Yuri Norstein. This beautiful tale is a simple story about the insidious Fox who takes over the Little Hare's house when her own palace of ice melts in the Spring. After enlisting the help of several animals, still the ferocious fox remains in the Little Hare's house. Is there anyone who can help him? Also available in the Norstein & Yarbusova Collection - a beautiful series of children's picture books based on the art of famous Russian artists and animators Yuri Norstein and Francesca Yarbusova are: 'Mishmash' and 'The Hedgehog in the Fog'.

基於富互聯網RIA的企業級Web技術和雲計算技術是本世紀初發展起來的，是互聯網技術發展中的一項前沿熱點。張文軍編著的《基於Flex與SSH的富互聯網企業級技術及其雲架構的研究》共分四篇十二章，對其工作原理與企業級設計進行了理論和實現技術研究。書中比較全面、系統地研討了富互聯網Flex設計技術，富互聯網設計模式與架構，Flex與Struts、Spring和}iibernate框架技術在富互聯網企業級

Introducing The Critter Club! Amy and her friends solve a canine caper in this start to a pet-friendly illustrated chapter book series.It’s Spring Break in Santa Vista, and everyone has big plans...everyone except for Amy, that is! As her best friends head out of town on exciting adventures, Amy resigns herself to helping out at her mom’s vet clinic. At least she’ll be around cute animals! But when Santa Vista’s cold and elusive millionaire, Marge Sullivan, brings her puppy Rufus for a check-up, Amy encounters an unexpected mystery. After her friends return home, the girls get to the bottom of what happened to Rufus—and discover a way to help other lost and lonely animals in their town.With easy-to-read language and illustrations on almost every page, The Critter Club chapter books are perfect for beginning readers.

The Critter Club has baby bunnies to care for—but is Ellie too busy aiming for showstopper status to help out her friends?The Critter Club is up and running, and so are the girls—especially Ellie! She’s wanted to perform her entire life, so when she lands the lead role in Santa Vista Elementary School’s Spring Spectacular, it’s her big chance to show her stuff! But as Ellie’s big performance draws near, will she let the play and her determination to succeed get in the way of being a good friend? What about caring for the baby rabbits that were just brought to The Critter Club? Some very helpful advice from an unexpected source reminds Ellie that being a good friend is just as important as doing what you love.With easy-to-read language and illustrations on almost every page, The Critter Club chapter books are perfect for beginning readers.

Colin Shindler's remarkable history begins in 1948, as waves of immigrants arrived in Israel from war-torn Europe to establish new cities, new institutions, and a new culture founded on the Hebrew language. Optimistic beginnings were soon replaced with the sobering reality of wars with Arab neighbours, internal ideological differences, and ongoing confrontation with the Palestinians. In this updated edition, Shindler covers the significant developments of the last decade, including the rise of the Israeli far right, Hamas's takeover and the political rivalry between Gaza and the West Bank, Israel's uneasy dealings with the new administration in the United States, political Islam and the potential impact of the Arab Spring on the region as a whole. This sympathetic yet candid portrayal asks how a nation that emerged out of the ashes of the Holocaust and was the admiration of the world is now perceived by many Western governments in a less than benevolent light.

Colin Shindler's remarkable history begins in 1948, as waves of immigrants arrived in Israel from war-torn Europe to establish new cities, new institutions, and a new culture founded on the Hebrew language. Optimistic beginnings were soon replaced with the sobering reality of wars with Arab neighbours, internal ideological differences, and ongoing confrontation with the Palestinians. In this updated edition, Shindler covers the significant developments of the last decade, including the rise of the Israeli far right, Hamas's takeover and the political rivalry between Gaza and the West Bank, Israel's uneasy dealings with the new administration in the United States, political Islam and the potential impact of the Arab Spring on the region as a whole. This sympathetic yet candid portrayal asks how a nation that emerged out of the ashes of the Holocaust and was the admiration of the world is now perceived by many Western governments in a less than benevolent light.

《應用型本科院校計算機類專業校企合作實訓系列教材．Java EE 項目實訓教材：MVC框架技術應用》是學習Java EE的入門教材，全書共7章，內容主要包括：Java EE簡介、Java web編程基礎、Struts 2應用、Hibernate和Mybatis應用、Spring應用以及兩個綜合案例。前5章的內容都從最基本的例子著手，一步一步引導讀者學習和應用這些技術。教程最後通過教學管理系統和教育

What drives politics in dictatorships? Milan W. Svolik argues authoritarian regimes must resolve two fundamental conflicts. Dictators face threats from the masses over which they rule - the problem of authoritarian control. Secondly from the elites with whom dictators rule - the problem of authoritarian power-sharing. Using the tools of game theory, Svolik explains why some dictators establish personal autocracy and stay in power for decades; why elsewhere leadership changes are regular and institutionalized, as in contemporary China; why some dictatorships are ruled by soldiers, as Uganda was under Idi Amin; why many authoritarian regimes, such as PRI-era Mexico, maintain regime-sanctioned political parties; and why a country's authoritarian past casts a long shadow over its prospects for democracy, as the unfolding events of the Arab Spring reveal. Svolik complements these and other historical case studies with the statistical analysis on institutions, leaders and ruling coalitions a

What drives politics in dictatorships? Milan W. Svolik argues authoritarian regimes must resolve two fundamental conflicts. Dictators face threats from the masses over which they rule - the problem of authoritarian control. Secondly from the elites with whom dictators rule - the problem of authoritarian power-sharing. Using the tools of game theory, Svolik explains why some dictators establish personal autocracy and stay in power for decades; why elsewhere leadership changes are regular and institutionalized, as in contemporary China; why some dictatorships are ruled by soldiers, as Uganda was under Idi Amin; why many authoritarian regimes, such as PRI-era Mexico, maintain regime-sanctioned political parties; and why a country's authoritarian past casts a long shadow over its prospects for democracy, as the unfolding events of the Arab Spring reveal. Svolik complements these and other historical case studies with the statistical analysis on institutions, leaders and ruling coalitions a

Symposium BB, 'Solution Synthesis of Inorganic Films and Nanostructured Materials', was held during the 2012 MRS Spring Meeting in San Francisco, California, on April 9–13, 2012. It focused on solution synthesis approaches for the growth of a wide-range of advanced functional inorganic thin film and nanostructured materials. Recent results were presented on the growth of: (i) highly crystalline, nanopatterned and composite functional oxide films, (ii) nanoparticles and nanocrystals, and (iii) self-assembled nanostructures by various chemical solution methods. A strong increased interest in low-cost and high throughput synthesis of functional and multifunctional inorganic materials indicates the worldwide importance of such synthetic methods. The symposium promoted information exchange between worldwide researchers from universities and national labs and engineers from industry. The papers in this proceedings volume provide a glimpse of the recent developments in the chemical solution g

Growing demand for energy and the need to reduce our society's carbon footprint call for transformative measures to increase efficiency in energy consumption and sustainable methods of energy production and storage. Novel materials will be key to these transformative technologies by acting as catalysts and facilitating desired chemical transformations. Symposium U of the 2012 MRS Spring Meeting, 'Materials for Catalysis in Energy', was held April 10–13. The objective of the organisers was to bring together researchers from materials science, chemical synthesis, heterogeneous catalysis, electrocatalysis and photocatalysis to highlight recent progress and discuss challenges and opportunities in the materials aspect of catalysis research and development for energy applications. Close to 200 abstracts were received and about 150 papers were presented, demonstrating the significant interest from the broader catalysis community. This volume contains a cross-section of papers presented and hi

Van den Toorn and McGinness take a fresh look at the dynamics of Stravinsky's musical style from a variety of analytical, critical and aesthetic angles. Starting with processes of juxtaposition and stratification, the book offers an in-depth analysis of works such as The Rite of Spring, Les Noces and Renard. Characteristic features of style, melody and harmony are traced to rhythmic forces, including those of metrical displacement. Along with Stravinsky's formalist aesthetics, the strict performing style he favoured is also traced to rhythmic factors, thus reversing the direction of the traditional causal relationship. Here, aesthetic belief and performance practice are seen as flowing directly from the musical invention. The book provides a counter-argument to the criticism and aesthetics of T. W. Adorno and Richard Taruskin, and will appeal to composers, critics and performers as well as scholars of Stravinsky's music.

本書是筆者在多年項目開發過程中的經驗總結，它通過豐富的實例由淺入深、循序漸進地介紹了目前採用Java進行Web開發的各種框架的使用方法，從而幫助軟件設計人員快速掌握這些Web開發技術的使用，並能將其應用在實戰中。 本書在編排上力求讓讀者能夠快速掌握Java Web的設計方法。首先對JavaEE的來源、整體框架和它的核心技術，以及MVC模式的設計思想、規範及它的優缺點進行了講解；然後對Java W

This book is a study of faction, lynching, murder, terror and counter-terror during the French Revolution. It examines factionalism in small towns like Aubagne near Marseille, and how this produced the murders and prison massacres of 1795–8. Another major theme is the convergence of lynching from below with official terror from above. Although the terror may have been designed to solve a national emergency in the spring of 1793, in southern France it permitted one faction to continue a struggle against its enemies, a struggle that had begun earlier over local issues like taxation and governance. It uses the techniques of micro-history to tell the story of the small town of Aubagne. It then extends the scope to places nearby like Marseille, Arles, and Aix-en-Provence. Along the way, it illuminates familiar topics like the activity of clubs and revolutionary tribunals and then explores largely unexamined areas like lynching, the sociology of faction, the emergence of theories of violent

Algebraic geometry is one of the most diverse fields of research in mathematics. It has had an incredible evolution over the past century, with new subfields constantly branching off and spectacular progress in certain directions, and at the same time, with many fundamental unsolved problems still to be tackled. In the spring of 2009 the first main workshop of the MSRI algebraic geometry program served as an introductory panorama of current progress in the field, addressed to both beginners and experts. This volume reflects that spirit, offering expository overviews of the state of the art in many areas of algebraic geometry. Prerequisites are kept to a minimum, making the book accessible to a broad range of mathematicians. Many chapters present approaches to long-standing open problems by means of modern techniques currently under development and contain questions and conjectures to help spur future research.

Mayo按照對各個季節的感受設計出77個獨特的烘焙方子，享受這每季的幸福烘焙時刻吧。 ◆Spring at last /櫻花模樣的蛋白餅干，清新春日感覺般的草莓彼士裘依蛋糕卷…… ◆Summer Breeze /充分利用應季水果吧，清爽的檸檬蛋糕，讓眼睛和味蕾得到雙重享受的 覆盆子甘那許派，誘人醇香杏仁霜配方的蜜桃塔…… ◆Autumn Goodbye /燕麥等谷物粗糧， 香氣撲鼻的核桃、碧

When American and British troops swept through the German Reich in the spring of 1945, they confiscated a broad range of government papers and archives. These records were subsequently used in war crimes trials and published under Allied auspices to document the German road to war. In 1949, the West Germans asked for their return, considering the request one of the benchmarks of their new state sovereignty. This book traces the tangled history of the captured German records and the extended negotiations for their return into German custody. Based on meticulous research in British, American and German archives, The Struggle for the Files highlights an overlooked aspect of early West German diplomacy and international relations. All participants were aware that the files constituted historical material essential to write German history and at stake was nothing less than the power to interpret the recent German past.

《電子商務實現技術(第2版)》整合了編者多年的教學、科研與實踐經驗。書中內容包括電子商務的基礎知識，電子商務的網絡環境，Web技術，系統開發所使用的各種主流開發技術，J2EE企業級開發平臺的概念與應用，J2EE的各種框架技術項目的開發流程，Struts框架的應用，Spring和Hibernate的使用方法，電子商務支付與結算技術和構建電子商務安全體系所需的各種技術(如安全協議、加密技術

Symposium Q, 'New Functional Materials and Emerging Device Architectures for Nonvolatile Memories', held April 25−29 at the 2011 MRS Spring Meeting in San Francisco, California, was a follow up of a previous series of related symposia on nonvolatile memories at MRS annual meetings. The high attendance and large number of papers submitted indicate continuing strong international interest and research efforts in the field of emerging new nonvolatile memory materials. Main areas of research featured in this symposium were advanced flash memories, phase change memories and resistive switching memories. In addition, ferroelectric memories, organic memories and new emerging memories remained of interest. With international contributions from universities, research centers and industry, this volume reflects the recent advances in material science and their influence on the memory technologies addressed in this symposium.

Among various applications, solar cells for photovoltaic solar energy and thin-film transistors for flat-panel display have been the two major driving forces for research and development of thin-film silicon materials and devices. In the last few years, the thin-film silicon community has mainly focused on thin-film silicon solar cells to address the issues of efficiency, manufacturing capability and manufacturing cost. This volume includes sixty-eight papers presented at Symposium A, 'Amorphous and Polycrystalline Thin-Film Silicon Science and Technology - 2011', which took place April 25-29, during the 2011 MRS Spring Meeting in San Francisco, California. The symposium covered the science and technology of thin-film silicon-based materials, reviewed recent progress, addressed the scientific and technical issues in the field and, this year, focused sessions were held on the topic of solar cell efficiency.

Symposium II, 'Ion Beams - New Applications from Mesoscale to Nanoscale', was held at the 2011 MRS Spring Meeting, April 25–29, in San Francisco, California. This symposium welcomed presentations on ion-beam engineering and characterization of materials properties, structure, topography and functionality, spanning dimensions from the mesoscale to the nanoscale. While the unique capabilities of ion-beam techniques in the diverse emerging fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology are fast becoming critical for many new applications, the flexibility of ion-beam techniques now enables the development of tools that can integrate tailoring of nanoscale patterns and structures with unique in-situ imaging and analysis. This recent evolution has energized new programs, both basic and applied, in fast-developing areas ranging over advanced semiconductor integration, information storage, sensors, plasmonics, molecular engineering, biomaterials and many aspects of the development of alternative ene

This volume includes a collection of papers presented in Symposium TT, 'Laser-Material Interactions at Micro/Nanoscales', at the Spring 2011 Materials Research Society Meeting held April 2011 in San Francisco. Laser-material interactions are of fundamental importance in a wide range of materials-related research and areas of technology, including green energy, photonics, electronics, environmental studies, biomedical imaging, medical treatment and optical spectroscopy. This symposium provided an interdisciplinary forum for scientists and engineers from different fields to discuss the physical, chemical, thermal and mechanical phenomena that occur during laser-material interactions at micro and nano scales. Research addressing new materials, processes, structures and surfaces synthesized by these methods for emerging fields was discussed. The symposium was well attended and received a large number of abstract submissions in the areas of ultrafast laser processing, laser ablation and dep

Reginald J. Farrer (1880–1920) was a horticulturalist and plant finder who made a lasting contribution to British gardening, the rockery designs for which he is best known having been greatly influenced by those he discovered in Asia. First published in 1909, this study eloquently describes the author's own garden and its surrounding countryside in his home town of Clapham, Yorkshire. Focusing on the early spring, Farrer reveals through figurative prose the awakening of the flowers and shrubs, the character of the garden as winter disappears, and the aesthetics inherent to the natural world. The study shows his passion for horticulture, and his dedication to an aesthetic that led him to influence generations of gardeners. Featuring an extensive index of plant names and illustrated with photographs taken by the author, it is as informative as it is descriptive, and offers a wealth of anecdotal advice that remains of great interest.

Symposium Y, 'Functional Two-Dimensional Layered Materials', held at the 2011 MRS Spring Meeting in San Francisco, California, April 25−29, was the first MRS symposium to focus on graphene, topological insulator thin films and other 2D and quasi-2D materials together, aiming to highlight breakthroughs, progress and challenges in the synthesis, processing, structure and assembly of 2D layered materials and how these factors affect their properties and applications. The session topics included: materials synthesis and processing; structure and characterization; physical and chemical properties; electronic, thermal management and energy applications; topological insulators; and non-carbon 2D materials. This volume presents a selection of the papers given and provides an overview of the research topics and possible applications of 2D materials and related systems.

1. 收集春夏秋冬相關的節慶活動，以節慶結合語言教學，在活動中學習語言、了解文化！2. 融合歌謠、故事、戲劇 的節慶活動好點子，提供好玩的活動、好唱的歌謠、好聽的故事並附大量可影印的活動單！3. 與學校活動相結合，提供成果展與慶祝活動實際執行的點子及演出劇本！【內容簡介】Spring春天的節慶February 2月歡鑼鼓迎新年！Happy Chinese New Year　March 3月元宵節猜

28件最適合春天季節的美麗布包＆雜貨吹起春日的輕暖手作感～Cotton Life春季號，將自然元素的花朵＆蝴蝶，當作本季的主題，嘗試將最特別與美麗的設計與您分享。每一個包款和雜貨小物，都運用不同的巧思來發揮出主題元素的特色，如同春天的初芽綻放～本季的主題，是圍繞著花與蝴蝶，同時也藉由Spring春天主題布─花柄布 的介紹，帶領讀者們感受花布之美，並將花布與其他布料搭配創作，在不同的包款上結合出巧妙

Games provide mathematical models for interaction. Numerous tasks in computer science can be formulated in game-theoretic terms. This fresh and intuitive way of thinking through complex issues reveals underlying algorithmic questions and clarifies the relationships between different domains. This collection of lectures, by specialists in the field, provides an excellent introduction to various aspects of game theory relevant for applications in computer science that concern program design, synthesis, verification, testing and design of multi-agent or distributed systems. Originally devised for a Spring School organised by the GAMES Networking Programme in 2009, these lectures have since been revised and expanded, and range from tutorials concerning fundamental notions and methods to more advanced presentations of current research topics. This volume is a valuable guide to current research on game-based methods in computer science for undergraduate and graduate students. It will also in

Best known for his brief marriage to George Eliot, John Walter Cross (1840–1924) compiled this three-volume 'autobiography' of 1885 from his late wife's journals and letters. Eliot was never married to her long-term partner G. H. Lewes, and she courted further scandal when she married Cross, twenty years her junior, in the spring of 1880. While these volumes offer a valuable insight into Eliot's private reflections, what is perhaps most telling is the material left out or rewritten in Cross' efforts to lend his wife's unconventional life some respectability, which he does at the expense of what one reviewer described as Eliot's 'salt and spice'. George Eliot's Life will be of particular interest to scholars of nineteenth-century biography and literature. Volume 2 covers the years 1858–1866, including Eliot's initial success in fiction and her travels in Italy, Holland, and along the Rhine.

Best known for his brief marriage to George Eliot, John Walter Cross (1840-1924) compiled this three-volume 'autobiography' of 1885 from his late wife's journals and letters. Eliot was never married to her long-term partner G. H. Lewes, and she courted further scandal when she married Cross, twenty years her junior, in the spring of 1880. While these volumes offer a valuable insight into Eliot's private reflections, what is perhaps most telling is the material left out or rewritten in Cross' efforts to lend his wife's unconventional life some respectability, which he does at the expense of what one reviewer described as Eliot's 'salt and spice'. George Eliot's Life will be of particular interest to scholars of nineteenth-century biography and literature. Volume 3 focuses on Eliot's final years, including her later literary success, travels in Spain, the death of G. H. Lewes, and her marriage to Cross.

Best known for his brief marriage to George Eliot, John Walter Cross (1840-1924) compiled this three-volume 'autobiography' from his late wife's journals and letters. Eliot was never married to her long-term partner G. H. Lewes, and she courted further scandal when she married Cross, twenty years her junior, in the spring of 1880. While these volumes offer a valuable insight into Eliot's private reflections, what is perhaps most telling is the material left out or rewritten in Cross' efforts to lend his wife's unconventional life some respectability, which he does at the expense of what one reviewer described as Eliot's 'salt and spice'. George Eliot's Life will be of particular interest to scholars of nineteenth-century biography and literature.

本書分為3個部分：第1部分為電子商務網站建設與維護概論，系統講解了電子商務網站的設計和規劃要點，并對網站的管理和維護進行了分析；第2部分利用多個具有代表性的案例詳細講述了Struts2框架和JPA框架的知識點及使用技巧；第3部分精心設計了一個電子商務網站的完整案例，包括注冊、登錄、用戶管理、圖書管理、購物車、訂單等電子商務網站的經典模塊，讓讀者在實際案例中學習Struts2+JPA+Spring框

First published in 1928, this was one of the first in-depth studies to investigate why the English navy was unable to prevent William of Orange's invasion in 1688. Edward B. Powley argues that a combination of bad strategic choices as well as adverse weather, William's so-called 'Protestant wind', resulted in the Navy failing to stop the Dutch Fleet landing, and ultimately enabled William to take possession of the country and crown. In a detailed chronological narrative of naval events between the spring of 1687 and February 1689, Powley charts the key decisions as documented in the archival record, focusing particularly on the Admiral of the Fleet, Lord Dartmouth's surviving papers and what they reveal about the input of King James II to naval affairs.

本書依據工作流管理聯盟參考模型的結構，貫徹基於業務流程開發的思想和方法，重點講解工作流管理系統的開發技能和技巧，可使讀者快速、高效、全面地掌握工作流管理技術的系統模型、方法論和實現方法。本書介紹了JBoss jBPM、Hibernate、Spring和Struts2等框架的應用，使讀者不僅在理論上，而且從實際操作中掌握工作流管理系統的開發方法。 本書適用于有一定管理和技術經驗的中、高級企業管理人員

本書介紹使用Java語言開發Web應用的主流技術。首先，從基本開發技術入手，講解了JSP、Servlet、SQL以及JDBC的基礎概念及應用方法。然后，逐步過渡到框架技術的講解，包括Struts 2框架技術應用、Hibernate框架技術應用、Spring框架技術應用以及3個框架的整合應用方式。每章為讀者配備了簡明而又實用的示例，在書的最后通過一個完整的項目開發案例對所學技術進行總結和應用。

From December 1915 until the armistice of November 1918, Sir Douglas Haig was commander-in-chief of the largest army his country had ever put into the field. He has been portrayed as both an incompetent 'butcher and bungler' and a clear-sighted, imperturbable 'architect of victory'. However, in this magisterial account, J. P. Harris dispels such stereotypes. A dedicated military professional, Haig nevertheless found it difficult to adjust to the unprecedented conditions of the Western Front. His capacity to 'read' battles and broader strategic situations often proved poor and he bears much responsibility for British losses 1915–17 that were excessive in relation to the results achieved. By late 1917 his own faith in ultimate victory had become so badly shaken that he advocated a compromise peace. However, after surviving the German spring offensives of 1918, he played a vital role in the campaign that finally broke the German army.