BASIC RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR TWO-STAGE-TO-ORBIT VEHICLES - COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH CENTRES

Focusing on basic aspects of future reusable space transportation systems and covering overall design, aerodynamics, thermodynamics, flight dynamics, propulsion, materials, and structures, this report presents some of the most recent results obtained in these disciplines. The authors are members of three Collaborative Research Centers in Aachen, Munich and Stuttgart concerned with hypersonic vehicles.
A major part of the research presented here deals with experimental and numerical aerodynamic topics ranging from low speed to hypersonic flow past the external configuration and through inlet and nozzle. Mathematicians and engineers jointly worked on aspects of flight mechanics like trajectory optimization, stability, control and flying qualities. Structural research and development was predominantly coupled to the needs for high temperature resistant structures for space vehicles.

1. Introduction.
2. Network Organization of Collaborative Research Centres for Scientific Efficiency Enhancement (Dieter Jacob, Gottfried Sachs, and Siegfried Wagner).
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Organization of Collaboration.
2.3 Efficiency Enhancement in Research.
2.4 Efficiency Enhancement in Teaching and Education.
2.5 Internationalization.
2.6 Final Remarks.
3. Overall Design Aspects.
3.1 Conceptual Design of Winged Reusable Two-Stage-to-Orbit Space Transport Systems (Stefan Lentz, Mirko Hornung, and Werner Staudacher).
3.2 Evaluation and Multidisciplinary Optimization of Two-Stage-to-Orbit Space Planes with Different Lower-Stage Concepts (Thorsten Raible and Dieter Jacob).
4. Aerodynamics and Thermodynamics.
4.1 Low-Speed Tests with an ELAC-Model at High Reynolds Numbers (Günther Neuwerth, Udo Peiter, and Dieter Jacob).
4.2 Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Supersonic Flow over the ELAC-Configuration (Anatoly Michailovich Kharitonov, Mark Davidovich Brodetsky, Andreas Henze, Wolfgang Schröder, Matthias Heller, Gottfried Sachs, Christian Breitsamter, and Boris Laschka).
4.3 Stage Separation – Aerodynamics and Flow Physics (Christian Breitsamter, Lei Jiang, and Mochammad Agoes Moelyadi).
4.4 DNS of Laminar-Turbulent Transition in the Low Hypersonic Regime (Axel Fezer, Markus Kloker, Alessandro Pagella, Ulrich Rist, and Siegfried Wagner).
4.5 Numerical Simulation of High-Enthalpy Nonequilibrium Air Flows (Farid Infed, Markus Fertig, Ferdinand Olawsky, Panagiotis Adamidis, Monika Auweter-Kurtz, Michael Resch, and Ernst W. Messerschmid).
4.6 Flow Simulation and Problems in Ground Test Facilities (Uwe Gaisbauer, Helmut Knauss, Siegfried Wagner, Georg Herdrich, Markus Fertig, Michael Winter, and Monika Auweter-Kurtz).
4.7 Characterization of High-Enthalpy Flows (Monika Auweter-Kurtz, Markus Fertig, Georg Herdrich, Kurt Hirsch, Stefan Löhle, Sergej Pidan, Uwe Schumacher, and Michael Winter).
4.8 Numerical Simulation of Flow Fields Past Space Transportation Systems (Andreas Henze, Wolfgang Schröder, and Matthias Meinke).
4.9 High-Speed Aerodynamics of the Two-Stage ELAC/EOS Configuration for Ascend and Re-entry (Martin Bleilebens, Christoph Glößner, and Herbert Olivier).
5. Propulsion.
5.1 PDF/FDF-Methods for the Prediction of Supersonic Turbulent Combustion (Stefan Heinz and Rainer Friedrich).
5.2 Design and Testing of Gasdynamically Optimized Fuel Injectors for the Piloting of Supersonic Flames with Low Losses (Anatoliy Lyubar, Tobias Sander, and Thomas Sattelmayer).
5.3 Hypersonic Propulsion Systems: Design, Dual-Mode Combustion and Systems Off-Design Simulation.
5.4 Experimental Investigation about External Compression of Highly Integrated Airbreathing Propulsion Systems (Uwe Gaisbauer, Helmut Knauss, and Siegfried Wagner).
5.5 Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Lobed Strut Injectors for Supersonic Combustion (Peter Gerlinger, Peter Kasal, Fernando Schneider, Jens von Wolfersdorf, Bernhard Weigang, and Manfred Aigner).
5.6 Experimental Studies of Viscous Interaction Effects in Hypersonic Inlets and Nozzle Flow Fields (Andreas Henckels and Patrick Gruhn).
5.7 Intake Flows in Airbreathing Engines for Supersonic and Hypersonic Transport (Birgit Ursula Reinartz, Joern van Keuk, Josef Ballmann, Carsten Herrmann, and Wolfgang Koschel).
6. Flight Mechanics and Control.
6.1 Safety Improvement for Two-Stage-to-Orbit Vehicles by Appropriate Mission Abort Strategies (Michael Mayrhofer, Otto Wagner, and Gottfried Sachs).
6.2 Optimal Trajectories for Hypersonic Vehicles with Predefined Levels of Inherent Safety (Rainer Callies).
6.3 Hypersonic Trajectory Optimization for Thermal Load Reduction (Michael Dinkelmann, Markus Wächter, and Gottfried Sachs).
6.4 Flight Dynamics and Control Problems of Two-Stage-to-Orbit Vehicles.
7. High-Temperature Materials and Hot Structures.
7.1 Ceramic Matrix Composites – the Key Materials for Re-Entry from Space to Earth (Martin Frieß, Walter Krenkel, Richard Kochendörfer, Rüdiger Brandt, Günther Neuer, and Hans-Peter Maier).
7.2 Behaviour of Reusable Heat Shield Materials under Re-Entry Conditions (Fritz Aldinger, Monika Auweter-Kurtz, Markus Fertig, Georg Herdrich, Kurt Hirsch, Peter Lindner, Dirk Matusch, Günther Neuer, Uwe Schumacher, and Michael Winter).
7.3 Design and Evaluation of Fibre Ceramic Structures (Bernd-Helmut Kröplin, Richard Kochendörfer, Thomas Reimer, Thomas Ullmann, Ralf Kornmann, Roger Schäfer, and Thomas Wallmersperger)
8. Cooperation with Industry and Research Establishments, Participation in National and International Research Programmes (Dieter Jacob, Gottfried Sachs, and Siegfried Wagner).
9. Conclusions and Perspectives (Dieter Jacob, Gottfried Sachs, and Siegfried Wagner).
10. Appendix.
10.1 Publications.
10.2 Dissertations.
10.3 Habilitations.
10.4 Patents.
10.5 Number of Diploma Theses.
10.6 Visiting Researchers.
10.7 Organization and Projects.