Physics At The Terascale
商品資訊
商品簡介
Moreover, new space telescopes allow for better observations of high energy processes in space. This book presents the status of the field of particle physics at the highest available energies, and presents the recent results and experimental techniques, together with the future of the field. It will be needed and used by researchers from both high energy and astrophysics, since these communities increasingly join to answer key questions of physics.
作者簡介
Thomas Schorner-Sadenius studied physics in Hamburg an Munich and worked on experiments at CERN (Crystal Barrel, OPAL, ATLAS, CMS) and at DESY (H1, ZEUS). His main expertise is in data analysis in the field of QCD studies, in triggering in high-energy physics experiments and in the running and maintenance of large detector systems. Currently Thomas Schorner-Sadenius is the leader of Analysis Centre of the Helmholtz Alliance "Physics at the Terascale" and responsible for the shaping of the analysis-related programme of the Alliance.
目次
Preface.
List of Authors.
The Authors.
List of Abbreviations.
Part One The Physics.
1 Setting the Scene (Ian C. Brock and Thomas Schörner-Sadenius).
1.1 From the 1970s into the Twenty-first Century.
1.2 Problems of the Standard Model.
1.3 Other Topics Connected to High Energy Physics.
Further Reading.
2 The Standard Model: Our Picture of the Microcosm (Markus Diehl and Wolfgang Hollik).
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Local Gauge Invariance.
2.3 Formulation of QCD.
2.4 Formulation of the Electroweak Standard Model.
2.5 Renormalisation.
2.6 Electroweak Parameters and Observables.
2.7 Some Remarks on Quantum Chromodynamics.
2.8 Symmetries.
2.9 Mass Scales and Effective Theories.
References.
3 Electroweak and Standard Model Tests: the Quest for Precision (Klaus Mönig and Georg Steinbrück).
3.1 The Standard Model at Born Level.
3.2 The Gain from Additional Precision.
3.3 Measurements.
3.4 Constraints from Precision Data.
References.
4 Hard QCD: Still Going Strong (Sven-Olaf Moch and Klaus Rabbertz).
4.1 Introduction.
4.2 The Strong Coupling.
4.3 Perturbative QCD at Colliders.
4.4 Hard Parton Scattering.
4.5 Parton Luminosity.
4.6 Fragmentation Functions and Event Shapes.
4.7 Jet Production.
4.8 Gauge-Boson Production.
4.9 Jet Shapes.
4.10 Tests of the QCD Gauge Structure.
4.11 Outlook.
References.
5 Monte Carlo Generators and Fixed-order Calculations: Predicting the (Un)Expected (Stefan Gieseke and Zoltán Nagy).
5.1 Fixed-Order Born-Level Calculations.
5.2 Next-to-Leading Order Calculations.
5.3 Next-to-Next-to-Leading Order Calculations.
5.4 Leading-Order Parton Showers.
5.5 Implementations and Shower Schemes.
5.6 Matching Parton Showers to Fixed-Order Calculations.
5.7 Hadronisation.
5.8 The Underlying Event.
References.
6 The Higgs Boson: Still Elusive After 40 Years (Markus Schumacher and Michael Spira).
6.1 The Higgs Boson Mass.
6.2 Higgs Boson Decays.
6.3 Higgs Boson Production at the LEP Collider.
6.4 Higgs Boson Production at Hadron Colliders.
6.5 Past and Present Searches at LEP and Tevatron.
6.6 Prospects for Higgs Boson Searches at the LHC.
6.7 Implications of Observation or Exclusion.
References.
7 Supersymmetry (Herbert Dreiner and Peter Wienemann).
7.1 Introduction.
7.2 Supersymmetry Transformations and Fields.
7.3 Superfields and Superpotential.
7.4 Discrete Symmetries.
7.5 R-Parity Conservation (P6 Model) vs. R-Parity Violation (B3 Model).
7.6 Measuring Supersymmetry.
7.7 Summary and Conclusions.
References.
8 Quark Flavour Physics (Gudrun Hiller and Ulrich Uwer).
8.1 FlavourWithin the Standard Model.
8.2 Flavour and New Physics.
8.3 B-Meson Key Measurements.
8.4 Flavour at the Terascale – Outlook.
References.
9 Top Quarks: the Peak of the Mass Hierarchy? (Peter Uwer and Wolfgang Wagner).
9.1 Introduction.
9.2 Top-Quark Pair Production in Hadronic Collisions.
9.3 Single Top-Quark Production.
9.4 Top-Quark Decay.
9.5 Top-Quark Mass.
9.6 The Top Quark as a Window to New Physics.
References.
10 Beyond SUSY and the Standard Model: Exotica (Christophe Grojean, Thomas Hebbeker and Arnd Meyer).
10.1 Alternative Higgs.
10.2 Technicolour, Composite Higgs and Partial Compositeness.
10.3 Extra Dimensions, Strings and Branes.
10.4 Grand Unified Theories.
10.5 Extra Gauge Bosons.
10.6 Leptoquarks.
10.7 Unexpected Physics: Hidden Valley, Quirks, Unparticles . . .
10.8 Model-Independent Search for New Physics.
References.
11 Forward and Diffractive Physics: Bridging the Soft and the Hard (Jochen Bartels and Kerstin Borras).
11.1 Introduction.
11.2 Cross Sections in p p and ep Scattering.
11.3 Parton Densities, Small-x and BFKL Dynamics.
11.4 Saturation.
11.5 Diffractive Final States.
11.6 Multiple Scattering, Underlying Event and AGK.
11.7 Necessary Instrumentation at the LHC.
References.
Part Two The Technology.
12 Accelerators: the Particle Smashers (Helmut Burkhardt, Jean-Pierre Delahaye and Günther Geschonke).
12.1 Introduction.
12.2 LEP.
12.3 Tevatron.
12.4 HERA.
12.5 LHC.
12.6 Linear Collider.
References.
13 Detector Concepts: from Technologies to Physics Results (Ian C. Brock, Karsten Büßer and Thomas Schörner-Sadenius).
13.1 Introduction.
13.2 Technical Concepts.
13.3 Infrastructure.
13.4 Organisation.
13.5 ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL at LEP.
13.6 H1 and ZEUS at HERA.
13.7 CDF and DØ at the Tevatron.
13.8 ATLAS and CMS at the LHC.
13.9 ILD – a Detector Concept for the International Linear Collider.
References.
14 Tracking Detectors: Following the Charges (Jörn Große-Knetter, Rainer Mankel and Christoph Rembser).
14.1 Introduction.
14.2 Gaseous Detectors.
14.3 Semiconductor Detectors.
14.4 Track Reconstruction.
14.5 Alignment.
14.6 Tagging of Heavy Flavours.
References.
15 Calorimetry: Precise Energy Measurements (Felix Sefkow and Christian Zeitnitz).
15.1 Introduction.
15.2 Basic Principles of Particle Detection.
15.3 Particle Showers.
15.4 Calorimeters: Response and Resolution.
15.5 New Concepts.
15.6 Summary.
References.
16 Muon Detectors: Catching Penetrating Particles (Kerstin Hoepfner and Oliver Kortner).
16.1 Sources of Muons.
16.2 Energy Loss of Muons and Muon Identification.
16.3 Measurement of Muon Momenta.
16.4 Muon Identification in ATLAS and CMS.
16.5 ATLAS and CMS Muon Chambers.
16.6 Muon Track Reconstruction and Identification.
References.
17 Luminosity Determination: Normalising the Rates (Ian C. Brock and Hasko Stenzel).
17.1 Outline.
17.2 Luminosity Determination in eCeMachines.
17.3 Luminosity Determination at HERA.
17.4 Luminosity Determination at Hadron Colliders.
References.
18 Trigger Systems in High Energy Physics Experiments (Eckhard Elsen and Johannes Haller).
18.1 Introduction.
18.2 Elements of a Trigger System.
18.3 Trigger Systems in Modern HEP Experiments.
18.4 Trigger Systems and HEP Data Analysis.
18.5 Summary and Outlook.
References.
19 Grid Computing in High Energy Physics (Wolfgang Ehrenfeld and Thomas Kreß).
19.1 Introduction.
19.2 Access to the Grid.
19.3 Tier-0 Grid Layer.
19.4 Tier-1 Grid Layer.
19.5 Tier-2 Grid Layer.
19.6 Tier Centres’ Hardware Components.
19.7 Tier-3 Grid layer.
19.8 User Analysis on the Grid.
19.9 National Analysis Facility.
19.10 Last Steps of a Typical HEP Analysis.
19.11 Cloud Computing – the Future?
19.12 Data Preservation.
References.
Part Three The Organisation.
20 The Sociology and Management of Terascale Experiments: Organisation and Community (R. Michael Barnett and Markus Nordberg).
20.1 Introduction.
20.2 Performance and Instruments of Funding.
20.3 Technology, Project Structures and Organisation.
20.4 From Data Analysis to Physics Publications – the Case of ATLAS.
20.5 Budget and Time Considerations.
20.6 Conclusions.
Further Reading.
21 Funding of High Energy Physics (Klaus Ehret).
21.1 Outline.
21.2 High Energy Physics – an International Effort between Accelerator Laboratories and Universities.
21.3 Funding and Interplay with Politics.
21.4 Federal Structure of Science Policy and Funding in Germany.
21.5 European Research Area and EC Funding.
21.6 Strategic Decision-Making.
21.7 Funding of the LHC and Its Experiments.
21.8 Summary and Outlook.
22 The Role of the Big Labs (Albrecht Wagner).
22.1 Why Does Particle Physics Need Large Laboratories?
22.2 Examples of Large Laboratories.
22.3 Complementarities of Universities and Large Laboratories.
22.4 Key Functions and Assets of Large Laboratories.
22.5 Collaborations and Their Individual Members.
22.6 Organisational Models for Particle Physics Facilities.
22.7 Access to Large Laboratories and Their Facilities.
22.8 Strategic Planning for Different Laboratories and Regions.
22.9 Decision Process and the Role of Politics.
22.10 Possible Future Developments.
22.11 Summary and Outlook.
23 Communication, Outreach and the Terascale (James Gillies and Barbara Warmbein).
23.1 Why Communicate?
23.2 The Place of CommunicationWithin an Organisation.
23.3 Audiences and Tools – the Basics.
23.4 How to Engage with Your Audience.
23.5 Communication at the Terascale.
Appendix: CERN Strategic Communication Plan 2009–2013, Summary.
Index.
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