Optical Tweezers ─ Methods and Applications

The technical development of optical tweezers, along with their application in the biological and physical sciences, has progressed significantly since the demonstration of an optical trap for micron-sized particles based on a single, tightly focused laser beam was first reported more than twenty years ago. Bringing together many landmark papers on the field, Optical Tweezers: Methods and Applications covers the techniques and uses of optical tweezers.

Each section is introduced by a brief commentary, setting the papers into their historical and contemporary contexts. The first two sections explore the pioneering work of Arthur Ashkin and the use of optical tweezers in biological systems. The book then discusses the extensive use of optical tweezers for the measurement of picoNewton forces and examines various approaches for modeling forces within optical tweezers. The next parts explain how optical tweezers are used in colloid science, how to convert optical tweezers into optical spanners, and how spatial light modulators create holographic tweezers. The book concludes with a section on emerging applications of optical tweezers in microfluidic systems.

With contributions from some of the best in the field, this compendium presents important historical and current developments of optical tweezers in a range of scientific areas, from the manipulation of bacteria to the treatment of DNA.

Optical Tweezers: The Early Years
A preliminary communication on the pressure of heat and light radiation, E.F. Nichols and G.F. Hull
Acceleration and trapping of particles by radiation pressure, A. Ashkin
Optical levitation by radiation pressure, A. Ashkin and J.M. Dziedzic
Optical levitation of liquid drops by radiation pressure, A. Ashkin and J.M. Dziedzic
Observation of resonances in radiation pressure on dielectric spheres, A. Ashkin and J.M. Dziedzic
Observation of a single-beam gradient force optical trap for dielectric particles, A. Ashkin, J.M. Dziedzic, J.E. Bjorkholm, and S. Chu
Optical trapping and manipulation of viruses and bacteria, A. Ashkin and J.M. Dziedzic
Optical trapping and manipulation of single cells using infrared-laser beams, A. Ashkin, J.M. Dziedzic, and T. Yamane
Applications in Biology
Elasticity of the red cell membrane and its relation to hemolytic disorders: an optical tweezers study, J. Sleep, D. Wilson, R. Simmons, and W. Gratzer
Lateral movements of membrane-glycoproteins restricted by dynamic cytoplasmic barriers, M. Edidin, S.C. Kuo, and M.P. Sheetz
Compliance of bacterial flagella measured with optical tweezers, S.M. Block, D.F. Blair, and H.C. Berg
Direct observation of steps in rotation of the bacterial flagellar motor, Y. Sowa, A.D. Rowe, M.C. Leake, T. Yakushi, M. Homma, A. Ishijima, and R.M. Berry
Direct observation of kinesin stepping by optical trapping interferometry, K. Svoboda, C.F. Schmidt, B.J. Schnapp, and S.M. Block
Movement and force produced by a single myosin head, J.E. Molloy, J.E. Burns, J. Kendrick-Jones, R.T. Tregear, and D.C.S. White
The gated gait of the processive molecular motor, myosin v, C. Veigel, F. Wang, M.L. Bartoo, J.R. Sellers, and J.E. Molloy
Promoter binding, initiation, and elongation by bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase, G.M. Skinner, C.G. Baumann, D.M. Quinn, J.E. Molloy, and J.G. Hoggett
Ionic effects on the elasticity of single DNA molecules, C.G. Baumann, S.B. Smith, V.A. Bloomfield, and C. Bustamante
Elasticity and unfolding of single molecules of the giant muscle protein titin, L. Tskhovrebova, J. Trinick, J.A. Sleep, and R.M. Simmons
Measuring Forces and Motion
Optical trapping, K.C. Neuman and S.M. Block
Quantitative measurements of force and displacement using an optical trap, R.M. Simmons, J.T. Finer, S. Chu, and J.A. Spudich
The stiffness of rabbit skeletal actomyosin cross-bridges determined with an optical tweezers transducer, C. Veigel, M.L. Bartoo, D.C.S. White, J.C. Sparrow, and J.E. Molloy
Sequence-resolved detection of pausing by single RNA polymerase molecules, K.M. Herbert, A. La Porta, B.J. Wong, R.A. Mooney, K.C. Neuman, R. Landick, and S.M. Block
Single-molecule mechanics of heavy meromyosin and S1 interacting with rabbit or drosophila actins using optical tweezers, J.E. Molloy, J.E. Burns, J.C. Sparrow, R.T. Tregear, J. Kendrick-Jones, and D.C. White
Mechanics of the kinesin step, N.J. Carter and R.A. Cross
Two-dimensional tracking of ncd motility by back focal plane interferometry, M.W. Allersma, F. Gittes, M.J. deCastro, R.J. Stewart, and C.F. Schmidt
Single kinesin molecules studied with a molecular force clamp, K. Visscher, M.J. Schnitzer, and S.M. Block
Force generation in single conventional actomyosin complexes under high dynamic load, Y. Takagi, E.E. Homsher, Y.E. Goldman, and H. Shuman
Mapping the actin filament with myosin, W. Steffen, D. Smith, R. Simmons, and J. Sleep
Modeling Forces and Torques
Forces of a single beam gradient laser trap on a dielectric sphere in the ray optics regime, A. Ashkin
Parametric study of the forces on microspheres held by optical tweezers, W.H. Wright, G.J. Sonek and M.W. Berns
Optical trapping of dielectric particles in arbitrary fields, A. Rohrbach and E.H.K. Stelzer
Single-beam trapping of microbeads in polarized light: numerical simulations, A.R. Zakharian, P. Polynkin, M. Mansuripur and J.V. Moloney
On the electromagnetic force on a dielectric medium, S.M. Barnett and R. Loudon
Optical tweezers computational toolbox, T.A. Nieminen, V.L.Y. Loke, A.B. Stilgoe, G. Knoner, A.M. Branczyk, N.R. Heckenberg, and H. Rubinsztein-Dunlop
Optical trapping of spheroidal particles in Gaussian beams, S.H. Simpson and S. Hanna
Observation of bistability and hysteresis in optical binding of two dielectric spheres, N.K. Metzger, K. Dholakia and E.M. Wright
Power spectrum analysis for optical tweezers, K. Berg-Sorensen and H. Flyvbjerg
Parametric resonance of optically trapped aerosols, R. Di Leonardo, G. Ruocco, J. Leach, M.J. Padgett, A.J. Wright, J.M. Girkin, D.R. Burnham, and D. McGloin
Studies in Colloid Science
Optical trapping of metallic Rayleigh particles, K. Svoboda and S.M. Block
Measurement of long-range repulsive forces between charged particles at an oil-water interface, R. Aveyard, B.P. Binks, J.H. Clint, P.D.I. Fletcher, T.S. Horozov, B. Neumann, V.N. Paunov, J. Annesley, S.W. Botchway, D. Nees, A.W. Parker, A.D. Ward, and A.N. Burgess
Tailored surfaces using optically manipulated colloidal particles, C. Mio and D.W.M. Marr
Patterning surfaces with colloidal particles using optical tweezers, J.P. Hoogenboom, D.L.J. Vossen, C. Faivre-Moskalenko, M. Dogterom, and A. van Blaaderen
Kinetically locked-in colloidal transport in an array of optical tweezers, P.T. Korda, M.B. Taylor, and D.G. Grier
Measurement of the hydrodynamic corrections to the Brownian motion of two colloidal spheres, J.C. Crocker
Direct measurement of hydrodynamic cross correlations between two particles in an external potential, J.C. Meiners and S.R. Quake
Micromechanics of dipolar chains using optical tweezers, E.M. Furst and A.P. Gast
Optical binding, M.M. Burns, J.M. Fournier, and J.A. Golovchenko
One-dimensional optically bound arrays of microscopic particles, S.A. Tatarkova, A.E. Carruthers, and K. Dholakia
Optical Spanners
Optical trapping and rotational manipulation of microscopic particles and biological cells, S. Sato, M. Ishigure, and H. Inaba
Controlled rotation of optically trapped microscopic particles, L. Paterson, M.P. MacDonald, J. Arlt, W. Sibbett, P.E. Bryant, and K. Dholakia
Rotational control within optical tweezers by use of a rotating aperture, A.T. O’Neil and M.J. Padgett
Direct observation of transfer of angular momentum to absorptive particles from a laser beam with a phase singularity, H. He, M.E.J. Friese, N.R. Heckenberg, and H. Rubinsztein-Dunlop
Mechanical equivalence of spin and orbital angular momentum of light: an optical spanner, N.B. Simpson, K. Dholakia, L. Allen, and M.J. Padgett
Optical alignment and spinning of laser-trapped microscopic particles, M.E.J. Friese, T.A. Nieminen, N.R. Heckenberg, and H. Rubinsztein-Dunlop
Intrinsic and extrinsic nature of the orbital angular momentum of a light beam, A.T. O’Neil, I. MacVicar, L. Allen, and M.J. Padgett
Modulated optical vortices, J.E. Curtis and D.G. Grier
Optically controlled three-dimensional rotation of microscopic objects, V. Bingelyte, J. Leach, J. Courtial, and M.J. Padgett
Optically induced rotation of anisotropic micro-objects fabricated by surface micromachining, E. Higurashi, H. Ukita, H. Tanaka, and O. Ohguchi
Optical microrheology using rotating laser-trapped particles, A.I. Bishop, T.A. Nieminen, N.R. Heckenberg, and H. Rubinsztein-Dunlop
Multitrap and Holographic Optical Tweezers
Micromanipulation by multiple optical traps created by a single fast scanning trap integrated with the bilateral confocal microscope, K. Visscher, G.J. Brakenhoff and J.J. Krol
Construction of multiple-beam optical traps with nanometer-resolution position sensing, K. Visscher, S.P. Gross, and S.M. Block
Optical tweezers and confocal microscopy for simultaneous three-dimensional manipulation and imaging in concentrated colloidal dispersions, D.L.J. Vossen, A. van der Horst, M. Dogterom, and A. van Blaaderen
Optical manipulation of microscopic objects by means of vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser array sources, Y. Ogura, K. Kagawa, and J. Tanida
Optical tweezer arrays and optical substrates created with diffractive optics, E.R. Dufresne and D.G. Grier
Multifunctional optical tweezers using computer-generated holograms, J. Liesener, M. Reicherter, T. Haist, and H.J. Tiziani
Dynamic holographic optical tweezers, J.E. Curtis, B.A. Koss, and D.G. Grier
An optical trapped microhand for manipulating micron-sized objects, G. Whyte, G. Gibson, J. Leach, M.J. Padgett, D. Robert, and M. Miles Assembly of three-dimensional structures using programmable holographic optical tweezers, G. Sinclair, P. Jordan, J. Courtial, M.J. Padgett, J. Cooper, and Z.J. Laczik
Four-dimensional optical manipulation of colloidal particles, P.J. Rodrigo, V.R. Daria, and J. Gluckstad
Optimized holographic optical traps, M. Polin, K. Ladavac, S.H. Lee, Y. Roichman, and D.G. Grier
Applications in Microfluidics
Demonstration of a fiber optic light-force trap, A. Constable, J. Kim, J. Mervis, F. Zarinetchi, and M. Prentiss
The optical stretcher: a novel laser tool to micromanipulate cells, J. Guck, R. Ananthakrishnan, H. Mahmood, T.J. Moon, C.C. Cunningham, and J. Kas
An optically driven pump for microfluidics, J. Leach, H. Mushfique, R. di Leonardo, M.J. Padgett, and J. Cooper
Microfluidic control using colloidal devices, A. Terray, J. Oakey, and D.W.M. Marr
Microfluidic sorting in an optical lattice, M.P. MacDonald, G.C. Spalding, and K. Dholakia
Optical thermal ratchet, L.P. Faucheux, L.S. Bourdieu, P.D. Kaplan, and A.J. Libchaber
Optical chromatography, T. Imasaka, Y. Kawabata, T. Kaneta, and Y. Ishidzu
Microfluidic and optical systems for the on-demand generation and manipulation of single femtoliter-volume aqueous droplets, R.M. Lorenz, J.S. Edgar, G.D.M. Jeffries, and D.T. Chiu
Optical sculpture: controlled deformation of emulsion droplets with ultralow interfacial tensions using optical tweezers, A.D. Ward, M.G. Berry, C.D. Mellor, and C.D. Bain
Control and characterisation of a single aerosol droplet in a single-beam gradient-force optical trap, R.J. Hopkins, L. Mitchem, A.D. Ward, and J.P. Reid
Holographic optical trapping of aerosol droplets, D.R. Burnham and D. McGloin