Veterinary Medicines in the Environment

Examine the Current State of the Science
Surface water sampling programs across the globe have shown the presence of many different classes of medicines. The potential risks associated with the release of these medicines into the environment have become an increasingly important issue for environmental regulators. Effects of Veterinary Medicines in the Environment examines the current state of the science in evaluating the potential risks of veterinary medicines to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
International Panel Provide Guidance
The book brings together more than 30 experts, from eight countries, with expertise in risk assessment, environmental toxicology and chemistry, and environmental policy and regulation. These experts provide guidance, based on standard risk assessment approaches, on how to assess the environmental effects of veterinary medicines. The text discusses pathways to the environment, exposure and effects assessment, and risk assessment and management in terrestrial and aquatic environments. It reviews classes of veterinary medicines and current regulations, identifies the environmental fate of the medicines, and assesses the use of read-across, QSAR, and other modeling approaches.
Detailed Coverage of Technical Approaches
An examination of the current state of the science, the book provides integrated content in a single source. It provides detailed coverage of technical approaches that helps practitioners better understand the environmental risks of veterinary medicines.

Introduction, M. Crane, K. Barrett, and A. Boxall
References
Use of Veterinary Medicines in the Environment, A. Boxall, M. Crane, C. Corsing, C. Eirkson, and A. Tait
Introduction
Veterinary Medicine Use
Pathways to the Environment
Summary
References
Environmental Risk Assessment and Management of Veterinary Medicines, J. de Knecht, T. Boucard, B. Brooks, M. Crane, S. Gerould, J. Koschorreck, G. Scheef, K. Solomon, and Z. YanIntroduction
Veterinary medicines in regulatory perspective
Refinement of VMP Risk Assessments
Risk Management
References
Exposure Assessment of Veterinary Medicines in Aquatic Systems, C. Metcalfe, A. Boxall, K. Fenner, D. Kolpin, M. Servos, E. Silberhorn, and J. Staveley
Introduction
Sources of Veterinary Medicines in the Aquatic Environment
Experimental Studies into the Entry, FATE, and Transport of Veterinary Medicines in Aquatic Systems
Conclusions
References
Assessing the Aquatic Hazards of Veterinary Medicines, B.W. Brooks, G.T. Ankley, J.F. Hobson, J.M. Lazorchak, R.D. Meyerhoff, and K.R. Solomon
Introduction
Protection Goals
Approaches to Assess Effects of Veterinary Medicines
Application Factors and Species Sensitivities
Effects of Veterinary Medicines in the Natural Environment
Conclusions
References
Exposure Assessment of Veterinary Medicines in Terrestrial Systems, L. Pope, A. Boxall, C. Corsing, B. Halling-Sørensen, A. Tait, and E. Topp
Introduction
Absorption and Excretion by Animals
Fate during Manure Storage
Releases to the Environment
Factors Affecting Dissipation in the Farm Environment
Uptake by Plants
Models for Estimating the Concentration of Veterinary Medicine in Soil
Research Needs
References
Assessing the Effects of Veterinary Medicines on the Terrestrial Environment, K. Barrett, K. Floate, J. Jensen, J. Robinson, and N. Tolson
Introduction
Considerations Unique to Veterinary Medicines
Protection Goals
Tiered Testing Strategy
Justification for Existing Testing Methods
Use of Indicator Species
Short-Term/Sublethal Effects Tests
Tier A Testing
Tier B Testing
Tier C Testing
Calculation of PNEC Concentrations and Use of Assessment Factors
Metabolite Testing in Tiers A and B
Secondary Poisoning
Bound Residues
Alternative Endpoints
Modeling Population and Ecosystem Effects (e.g., Bioindicator Approaches)
Research Needs
References
Workshop Conclusions and Recommendations, M. Crane, K. Barrett, and A. Boxall
Workshop Conclusions
Workshop Recommendations
Index