會計英語(雙語第二版)（簡體書）

《普通高等教育"十一五"國家級規劃教材雙語版?高等院校"十二五"規劃會計學專業系列教材:會計英語(雙語第2版)》是由上海財經大學等多所知名高校一線骨干教師組織規劃編寫的會計學專業的精品教材。這些教師都具有豐富的教學實踐經驗和會計實踐經驗，他們能把豐富的教學理論知識和會計實踐經驗有機地結合起來，使得學生畢業后能夠把學到的理論知識在實踐中靈活運用。《普通高等教育"十一五"國家級規劃教材雙語版?高等院校"十二五"規劃會計學專業系列教材:會計英語(雙語第2版)》為了配合教師教學和學生練習需要，經過學生和教師的多次研究討論，做到教材、復習、教學全面綜合配套，是一套配套化、立體化的精品教材，學生易學，教師教學方便。

An Introduction to Accounting
1.1 Accounting is an Information System
1.2 Forms of Organization
1.3 The Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial
Statements
1.4 Understanding of Financial Statements
Balance Sheet
Income Statement ( Statement of Financial Performance)
Statement of Changes in Equity/Statement of Retained Earnings
Statement of Cash Flow
1.5 Accounting and its Profession
1.6 Accounting Elements and Using the Accounting Equation
What is Accounting Equation
Effects of Transactions on the Accounting Equation
1.7 Ethics in Accounting
Some Basic Ethical Standards
Vocabulary
Self-Test Questions
Discussion Questions
Exercises
Problems
2 Recording Transactions
2.1 Economic Events and Business Documents
2.2 T Accounts and Debit & Credit
Types of Accounts
Chart of Accounts and Ledger
The Accounting Equation and the Rules of Debits and Credits
Normal Balances
2.3 Journalizing and Posting Transactions
Journalizing Transactions
Posting Transactions
2.4 Preparing a Trial Balance
Trial Balance
Locating and Correcting Errors
Formatting Conventions
2.5 Using the Information-the Debt Ratio
Vocabulary
Self-Test Questions
Discussion Questions
Exercises
Problems
3 Adjusting the Accounts, Preparing the Statements, and Completing the Accounting Cycle
3.1 The Need for Adjustments
Time Period Principle
Need for Adjustments at the End of an Accounting Period
Accrual and Cash Basis of Accounting
3.2 Adjusting the Accounts
Prepaid Expenses
Depreciation
Unearned Revenues
Accrued Expenses
Accrued Revenues
3.3 Adjusted Trial Balance and Preparation of Financial Statements
3.4 Using the Worksheet
Purpose of the Worksheet
Preparing Worksheets
3.5 Closing Entries
Purpose of Closing Entries
Preparing the Closing Entries
3.6 Post-closing Trial Balance
3.7 Classification of Balance Sheet Items
Assets
Liabilities
Owner' s Equity
3.8 Using the Information-the Current Ratio
Vocabulary
Serf-Test Questions
Discussion Questions
Exercises
Problems
4 Accounting for Merchandising Enterprises
4.1 Service Enterprise versus Merchandising Concern
Service Enterprise
Merchandising Enterprise
Periodic and Perpetual Inventory Systems
4.2 Purchase, Sales Revenue and Cost of Goods Sold
Merchandise Purchases-Perpetual Inventory System
Purchase Returns and Allowances
Trade Discounts
Purchase Discounts
Transportation Costs
Revenue from Sales and Cost of Goods Sold--Perpetual Inventory System
Sales Returns and Allowances
Sales Discounts
Shrinkage
Summary of Merchandising Cost Flows
4.3 Multiple-step Income Statement
4.4 Worksheet for a Merchandising Enterprise and Closing Entries
Worksheet for a Merchandiser
Closing Entries
4.5 Special Journals
Sales Journal
Cash Receipts Journal
Purchases Journal
Cash Disbursements Journal
Testing the Accuracy of Ledgers
Subsidiary Inventory Records
4.6 Using the Information-Acid-Test Ratio, Gross Margin Ratio
Vocabulary
Self-Test Questions
Discussion Questions
Exercises
Problems
5 Accounting for Cash, Temporary Investments, and Receivables
5.1 Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Liquidity
5.2 Internal Control over Cash
The Characteristics of an Effective System of Internal Control
Internal Control for Cash
5.3 The Petty Cash Fund
Establishing the Fund
Making Petty Cash Payments
Reimbursing the Fund
5.4 Reconciling the Bank Balance
Bank Statement
Need for Reconciling the Bank Balance
Steps in Reconciling the Bank Balance
5.5 Trading Securities
Accounting for Trading securities
Balance Sheet Presentation
5.6 Credit Sales and Bad Debts
……
6 Inventories and Cost of Goods Sold
7 Long-Term Assets: Investments, Fixed Assets, Natural Resources and Intangible Assets
8 Current and Long-Term Liabilities
9 Owner' s Equity
10 Statement of Cash Flows

Acquisition through Leasing
A company may purchase the assets needed in its business operations or, as an alternative, it may lease them. A lease is a contract in which the lessor gives the lessee the right touse an asset for a specified period of time in exchange for periodic rental payments. The lessoris the owner of the property; the lessee is a tenant or renter.
The basic conceptual issue in accounting for leases is whether a lease is (1) a rental ofproperty or (2) an acquisition of property by financing. This distinction is important becauseaccounting for rentals of property is quite different from accounting for acquisition and financingof property. All leases can be classified into two kinds: operating lease and financing lease.
If one of the following conditions has been met, it is financing lease. Otherwise, it is operating lease.
1. The lease transfers ownership of the property to the lessee at the end of the lease term.
2. The lease contains a bargain purchase option.
3. The lease term is equal to 75% or more of the estimated economic life of the leasedproperty.
4. The present value of the minimum lease payments amounts to 90% or more of the fairvalue of the lease property.
When the lessor gives the lessee the right to use leased property for a limited period of timebut retains the usual risks and rewards of ownership, the contract is known as an operatinglease.
In accounting for an operating lease, the lessee regards these payments as rental expense.No asset or liability (other than a short-term liability for accrued rent payable) relating to thelease appears in the lessee' s balance sheet. Thus operating leases are sometimes termed off-balance sheet financing.
Some lease contracts are intended to provide financing to the lessee for the eventual purchase of the property or to provide the lessee with use of the property over most of its usefullife. These lease contracts are called capital leases (or financing leases).
In summary, when it is capital lease, even though title to the leased property has not beentransferred, the lessee recorded the leased property as asset and increase liability in presentvalue. We know in earlier lesson that assets are defined as probable future economic benefitsobtained or controlled by a particular entity as a result of past transactions or events. That"controlled by a particular entity" implies the concept of substance over form. The lesseerecorded the leased property in capital lease as asset follows the concept of substance over form.