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Foundations for Industrial Machines ─ Rotary Machines/ Reciprocation Machines / Impact Machines / Virbration Isolation System/Handbook for Practising Engineers
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商品簡介
The performance, safety and stability of machines depends largely on their design, manufacturing and interaction with environment. Machine foundations should be designed in such a way that the dynamic forces transmitted to the soil through the foundation, eliminating all potentially harmful forces. This handbook is designed primarily for the practising engineers engaged in design of machine foundations. It covers basic fundamentals for understanding and evaluating dynamic response of machine foundation systems with emphasis is on detailed dynamic analysis for response evaulation. Use of commercially available Finite Element packages, for analysis and design of the foundation, is recommended. Theory is supported by results from practice in the form of examples.
作者簡介
Dr. Krishna Gopal Bhatia has been engaged for over 30 years in the design, testing and review of machine foundations for various industrial projects in petrochemical plants, refineries, power plants and other large facilities. Moreover, he conducted extensive tests on machine foundation models and prototypes, as well as multiple failure analysis studies on various types of machines in this period. He has been active in several big companies, such as Bharat Heavy Electricals, Engineers India Ltd. Moreover, he has fulfilled executive roles at a number of earthquake societies and research institutes. In this reference guide, the author presents practical data and a design philosophy for the improvement of the design of foundations to enhance machine performance by more comprehensive evaluation of site soil data, better understanding of machine data. In this volume, more sophisticated modelling techniques, analysis techniques, structural design processes and construction technologies are proposed, in combination with guidelines for a more intense collaboration between foundation designer and machine manufacturer.
目次
1. Machines and Foundations
1.1 An Overview
1.2 Design Philosophy
1.3 Machine Foundation System
1.4 Machines
1.5 Foundation
1.5.1 Block Foundation
1.5.2 Frame Foundation
1.5.3 Tuning of Foundation
1.5.4 Foundation Material
1.5.5 Foundation Analysis and Design
1.6 Soil
1.7 Vibration Isolation
1.8 Field Performance and Feedback
PART – I: THEORY OF VIBRATION BASIC UNDERSTANDING WITH SPECIFIC APPLICATION TO MACHINE FOUNDATION DESIGN
2. Single Degree of Freedom System
2.1 Free Vibration
2.1.1 Undamped System - SDOF Spring Mass System
2.1.2 Damped System
2.2 Forced Vibration
2.2.1 Undamped System - Dynamic Force Externally Applied
2.2.2 Damped System - Dynamic Force Externally applied
2.2.3 Damped System - Dynamic Force Internally Generated
2.2.4 Damped System - Dynamic Excitation Applied At Base
2.2.5 Undamped System - Subjected to Impact Loads
2.2.6 Undamped System - Subjected to Impulsive Loads
Example Problems
3. Multi-Degree of Freedom Systems
3.1 Two Degree of Freedom System - Free Vibration - Undamped
3.1.1 Two Spring Mass System- Linear Springs
3.1.2 A Rigid Block supported by Vertical and Translational Springs
3.1.3 A Rigid Block Supported by Vertical and Rotational Springs
3.1.4 A Rigid Block supported by Translational and Rotational Springs
3.1.5 Multiple Spring Mass Systems connected by a massless Rigid Bar
3.1.6 A Portal Frame supporting mass at Beam Center
3.2 Two Degree of Freedom System - Forced Vibration
3.2.1 Undamped Two Spring Mass System
3.2.2 Undamped Two Spring Mass System- Subjected to Impact Load
3.2.2 A Rigid Block supported by Translational & Rotational Springs
3.2.4 Multiple Spring Mass Systems connected by a massless Rigid Bar
3.2.5 A Portal Frame supporting mass at Beam Center
3.3 Three Degree of Freedom System - Free Vibration
3.3.1 Three spring mass system
3.3.2 A Rigid Block supported by Vertical, Translational & Rotational Springs
3.4 Three DOF System - Forced Vibration
3.4.1 Three Spring Mass System subjected to Harmonic Excitation
3.4.2 A Rigid Block supported by Vertical, Translational & Rotational Springs subjected to Harmonic Excitation
Example Problems
4. Vibration Isolation
4.1.1 Principle of Isolation
4.1.2 Transmissibility Ratio
4.1.3 Isolation Efficiency
4.1.4 Isolation Requirements
4.1.5 Selection of Isolators
Example Problems
PART – II: DESIGN PARAMETERS
5. Design Sub-grade Parameters
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Soil Aspects Influencing Soil Structure Interaction
5.2.1 Energy Transfer Mechanism
5.2.2 Soil Mass Participation in Vibration of Foundations
5.2.3 Effect of Embedment of Foundation
5.2.4 Applicability of Hook’s Law to Soil
5.2.5 Reduction in Permissible Soil Stress
5.2.6 Damping in Soil
5.3 Dynamic Soil Parameters
5.3.1 Dynamic Soil Modulus
5.3.2 Coefficients of Subgrade Reaction
5.4 Design Soil Parameters
5.4.1 Variation with respect to static Stress or Overburden Pressure
5.4.2 Variation with respect to Base Contact area of Foundation
5.5 Equivalent Springs
5.5.1 Foundation Supported Directly over Soil
5.5.2 Foundation Supported over an Elastic Pad
5.5.3 Foundation Supported on a Set of springs
5.5.4 Foundation Supported over Piles
Example Problems
6. Design Machine Parameters
6.1 Parameters for Rotary Machines
6.1.1 Dynamic Forces
6.1.2 Transient Resonance
6.1.3 Critical Speed of Rotors
6.1.4 Rotor Bearing Supports
6.1.5 Forces due to Emergency and Faulted Conditions
6.1.6 Coupling of Machines
6.2 Parameters for Reciprocating Machines
6.2.1 Dynamic Forces
6.2.2 Transient Response
6.2.3 Forces due to Emergency and Faulted Conditions
6.2.4 Coupling of Machines
6.3 Parameters for Impact Machines
6.3.1 Machines producing repeated Impacts - Forgs Hammers
6.3.2 Machines producing Impulse/Pulse Loading
6.4 Amplitudes of Vibration
Example Problems
7. Design Foundation Parameters
7.1 Foundation Type
7.2 Foundation Material
7.2.1 Concrete
7.2.2 Reinforcement
7.3 Foundation Eccentricity
7.4 Foundation Tuning
7.4.1 Under-tuned Foundation
7.4.2 Over-tuned Foundation
7.5 Foundation Stiffness and Mass Parameters
7.6 Other Miscellaneous Effects
7.7 Vibration Limits in Machine Foundation Design
7.8 Block Foundation
7.8.1 Foundation Sizing
7.8.2 Foundation Stiffness
7.8.3 Strength Design
7.8.4 Minimum Reinforcement
7.9 Frame Foundation
7.9.1 Foundation Sizing
7.9.2 Stiffness Parameters
7.9.3 Strength Design
7.9.4 Minimum Reinforcement
PART - III: DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS FOR REAL LIFE MACHINES
8. Modelling and Analysis
8.1 Manual Computational Method
8.1.1 Block Foundation
8.1.2 Frame Foundation
8.2 Finite Element Method
8.2.1 Mathematical Modeling
8.2.2 Machine
8.2.3 Foundation
8.2.4 Soil
8.2.5 Dynamic Forces
8.2.6 Boundary Conditions
8.2.7 Material Data
8.2.8 Degree of Freedom In-compatibility
8.3 Dynamic Analysis
8.3.1 Free Vibration Response
8.3.2 Forced Vibration Response
8.4 Strength Analysis and Design
8.4.1 Block Foundation
8.4.2 Frame Foundation
Example Problems
9. Foundations for Rotary Machines
9.1 Design of Block Foundation
9.1.1 Dynamic Analysis
9.1.2 Amplitudes of Vibration
Design Example- Foundation for Low Speed Machine
9.2 Design of Frame Foundation
9.2.1 Dynamic Analysis
9.2.2 Lateral Mode of Vibration
9.2.3 Vertical Mode of Vibration
9.2.4 Lateral Vibrations Coupled with Torsional Vibrations
Design Example- Foundation for Turbo Generator
10. Foundation for Reciprocating Machines
10.1 Design of Block Foundation
10.1.1 Dynamic Analysis
10.1.2 Amplitude of Vibration
Design Example- Foundation for a Reciprocating Engine
Design of Frame Foundation
Design Example- Foundation for a Reciprocating Compressor
11. Foundation for Impact and Implusive Load Machines
11.1 Hammer Foundation
11.1.1 Foundation Sizing
11.1.2 Dynamic Analysis
Design Example- Foundation for a Drop Hammer
11.2 Foundation for Machines Producing Impulsive Loads
11.2.1 Foundation Sizing
11.2.2 Dynamic Analysis
Design Example- Machine Producing Implusive Loads Applied at Repeated Interval
PART - IV: DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS WITH VIBRATION ISOLATION SYSTEM
12. Vibration Isolation System
12.1 Vibration Isolation Design
12.1.1 Sizing of Inertia Block
12.1.2 Selection of Isolators
12.1.3 Location of Isolators
12.1.4 Dynamic Analysis
Design Example- Vibration isolation for a Fan Foundation
Design Example- Vibration isolation for a Crusher Foundation
PART - V: CONSTRUCTION ASPECTS & CASE STUDIES
13. Construction Aspects
13.1 Construction Joints
13.2 Embedded Parts
13.3 Placing/Laying of Concrete
13.4 Grouting
14. Case Studies
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Case Studies
Example- High Vibrations of a Motor Compressor Unit
Example- 210 MW Turbo-Generator unit - High Vibration Problems
Example- Reciprocating Compressor on Isolation pads
Example- Vibration Isolation of FD Fan Foundation
1.1 An Overview
1.2 Design Philosophy
1.3 Machine Foundation System
1.4 Machines
1.5 Foundation
1.5.1 Block Foundation
1.5.2 Frame Foundation
1.5.3 Tuning of Foundation
1.5.4 Foundation Material
1.5.5 Foundation Analysis and Design
1.6 Soil
1.7 Vibration Isolation
1.8 Field Performance and Feedback
PART – I: THEORY OF VIBRATION BASIC UNDERSTANDING WITH SPECIFIC APPLICATION TO MACHINE FOUNDATION DESIGN
2. Single Degree of Freedom System
2.1 Free Vibration
2.1.1 Undamped System - SDOF Spring Mass System
2.1.2 Damped System
2.2 Forced Vibration
2.2.1 Undamped System - Dynamic Force Externally Applied
2.2.2 Damped System - Dynamic Force Externally applied
2.2.3 Damped System - Dynamic Force Internally Generated
2.2.4 Damped System - Dynamic Excitation Applied At Base
2.2.5 Undamped System - Subjected to Impact Loads
2.2.6 Undamped System - Subjected to Impulsive Loads
Example Problems
3. Multi-Degree of Freedom Systems
3.1 Two Degree of Freedom System - Free Vibration - Undamped
3.1.1 Two Spring Mass System- Linear Springs
3.1.2 A Rigid Block supported by Vertical and Translational Springs
3.1.3 A Rigid Block Supported by Vertical and Rotational Springs
3.1.4 A Rigid Block supported by Translational and Rotational Springs
3.1.5 Multiple Spring Mass Systems connected by a massless Rigid Bar
3.1.6 A Portal Frame supporting mass at Beam Center
3.2 Two Degree of Freedom System - Forced Vibration
3.2.1 Undamped Two Spring Mass System
3.2.2 Undamped Two Spring Mass System- Subjected to Impact Load
3.2.2 A Rigid Block supported by Translational & Rotational Springs
3.2.4 Multiple Spring Mass Systems connected by a massless Rigid Bar
3.2.5 A Portal Frame supporting mass at Beam Center
3.3 Three Degree of Freedom System - Free Vibration
3.3.1 Three spring mass system
3.3.2 A Rigid Block supported by Vertical, Translational & Rotational Springs
3.4 Three DOF System - Forced Vibration
3.4.1 Three Spring Mass System subjected to Harmonic Excitation
3.4.2 A Rigid Block supported by Vertical, Translational & Rotational Springs subjected to Harmonic Excitation
Example Problems
4. Vibration Isolation
4.1.1 Principle of Isolation
4.1.2 Transmissibility Ratio
4.1.3 Isolation Efficiency
4.1.4 Isolation Requirements
4.1.5 Selection of Isolators
Example Problems
PART – II: DESIGN PARAMETERS
5. Design Sub-grade Parameters
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Soil Aspects Influencing Soil Structure Interaction
5.2.1 Energy Transfer Mechanism
5.2.2 Soil Mass Participation in Vibration of Foundations
5.2.3 Effect of Embedment of Foundation
5.2.4 Applicability of Hook’s Law to Soil
5.2.5 Reduction in Permissible Soil Stress
5.2.6 Damping in Soil
5.3 Dynamic Soil Parameters
5.3.1 Dynamic Soil Modulus
5.3.2 Coefficients of Subgrade Reaction
5.4 Design Soil Parameters
5.4.1 Variation with respect to static Stress or Overburden Pressure
5.4.2 Variation with respect to Base Contact area of Foundation
5.5 Equivalent Springs
5.5.1 Foundation Supported Directly over Soil
5.5.2 Foundation Supported over an Elastic Pad
5.5.3 Foundation Supported on a Set of springs
5.5.4 Foundation Supported over Piles
Example Problems
6. Design Machine Parameters
6.1 Parameters for Rotary Machines
6.1.1 Dynamic Forces
6.1.2 Transient Resonance
6.1.3 Critical Speed of Rotors
6.1.4 Rotor Bearing Supports
6.1.5 Forces due to Emergency and Faulted Conditions
6.1.6 Coupling of Machines
6.2 Parameters for Reciprocating Machines
6.2.1 Dynamic Forces
6.2.2 Transient Response
6.2.3 Forces due to Emergency and Faulted Conditions
6.2.4 Coupling of Machines
6.3 Parameters for Impact Machines
6.3.1 Machines producing repeated Impacts - Forgs Hammers
6.3.2 Machines producing Impulse/Pulse Loading
6.4 Amplitudes of Vibration
Example Problems
7. Design Foundation Parameters
7.1 Foundation Type
7.2 Foundation Material
7.2.1 Concrete
7.2.2 Reinforcement
7.3 Foundation Eccentricity
7.4 Foundation Tuning
7.4.1 Under-tuned Foundation
7.4.2 Over-tuned Foundation
7.5 Foundation Stiffness and Mass Parameters
7.6 Other Miscellaneous Effects
7.7 Vibration Limits in Machine Foundation Design
7.8 Block Foundation
7.8.1 Foundation Sizing
7.8.2 Foundation Stiffness
7.8.3 Strength Design
7.8.4 Minimum Reinforcement
7.9 Frame Foundation
7.9.1 Foundation Sizing
7.9.2 Stiffness Parameters
7.9.3 Strength Design
7.9.4 Minimum Reinforcement
PART - III: DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS FOR REAL LIFE MACHINES
8. Modelling and Analysis
8.1 Manual Computational Method
8.1.1 Block Foundation
8.1.2 Frame Foundation
8.2 Finite Element Method
8.2.1 Mathematical Modeling
8.2.2 Machine
8.2.3 Foundation
8.2.4 Soil
8.2.5 Dynamic Forces
8.2.6 Boundary Conditions
8.2.7 Material Data
8.2.8 Degree of Freedom In-compatibility
8.3 Dynamic Analysis
8.3.1 Free Vibration Response
8.3.2 Forced Vibration Response
8.4 Strength Analysis and Design
8.4.1 Block Foundation
8.4.2 Frame Foundation
Example Problems
9. Foundations for Rotary Machines
9.1 Design of Block Foundation
9.1.1 Dynamic Analysis
9.1.2 Amplitudes of Vibration
Design Example- Foundation for Low Speed Machine
9.2 Design of Frame Foundation
9.2.1 Dynamic Analysis
9.2.2 Lateral Mode of Vibration
9.2.3 Vertical Mode of Vibration
9.2.4 Lateral Vibrations Coupled with Torsional Vibrations
Design Example- Foundation for Turbo Generator
10. Foundation for Reciprocating Machines
10.1 Design of Block Foundation
10.1.1 Dynamic Analysis
10.1.2 Amplitude of Vibration
Design Example- Foundation for a Reciprocating Engine
Design of Frame Foundation
Design Example- Foundation for a Reciprocating Compressor
11. Foundation for Impact and Implusive Load Machines
11.1 Hammer Foundation
11.1.1 Foundation Sizing
11.1.2 Dynamic Analysis
Design Example- Foundation for a Drop Hammer
11.2 Foundation for Machines Producing Impulsive Loads
11.2.1 Foundation Sizing
11.2.2 Dynamic Analysis
Design Example- Machine Producing Implusive Loads Applied at Repeated Interval
PART - IV: DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS WITH VIBRATION ISOLATION SYSTEM
12. Vibration Isolation System
12.1 Vibration Isolation Design
12.1.1 Sizing of Inertia Block
12.1.2 Selection of Isolators
12.1.3 Location of Isolators
12.1.4 Dynamic Analysis
Design Example- Vibration isolation for a Fan Foundation
Design Example- Vibration isolation for a Crusher Foundation
PART - V: CONSTRUCTION ASPECTS & CASE STUDIES
13. Construction Aspects
13.1 Construction Joints
13.2 Embedded Parts
13.3 Placing/Laying of Concrete
13.4 Grouting
14. Case Studies
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Case Studies
Example- High Vibrations of a Motor Compressor Unit
Example- 210 MW Turbo-Generator unit - High Vibration Problems
Example- Reciprocating Compressor on Isolation pads
Example- Vibration Isolation of FD Fan Foundation
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