Rudolf Cardinal was born in Norwich in 1975. He received a B.A. with first-class honors in medical sciences and neuroscience (1993–1996), M.B. and BChir degrees in clinical medicine and surgery (1996–2001), and a Ph.D. in behavioural neuroscience (1997–2000), all from the University of Cambridge. He has worked as a house physician and surgeon in Cambridge and Norwich (2001–2002) and then as a lecturer in neuroscience in the Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge (2002–2005), conducting neuroscience research and teaching in neuroscience, psychology, and statistics. His interests within neuroscience include the neural mechanisms of emotion, perception, cognition, and the control of behaviour; reinforcement and reinforcement learning; the nature and neural basis of consciousness; normative decision-making and probability; and artificial intelligence. He is currently a clinical fellow at Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge.?
Mike Aitken was born in Cheltenham in 1970. He is currently a Department Lecturer based at the MRC/Wellcome Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute within the Department of Experimental Psychology at the University of Cambridge (where he completed both his undergraduate degree and Ph.D.). His research interests include associative theory of categorization and causal induction, functional neuroimaging of associative learning processes, and mechanisms of self-control and response selection.