Cleopatra ― Fact and Fiction

Cleopatra is one of the greatest romantic figures in history, the queen of Egypt whose beauty and allure is legendary. We think we know her story, but our image of her is largely gleaned from the film starring Elizabeth Taylor or from Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra. Shakespeare himself was inspired by Plutarch, who was only 16 years old when Cleopatra died. So her story was never based purely on fact. In the middle of the first century BC, Cleopatra caught the attention of Rome by captivating the two most powerful Romans of the day, Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. She outlived both and attempted to suborn a third, her mortal enemy, Octavius Caesar, the first of the Roman Emperors. Having failed to do so she destroyed herself. We can tell that Cleopatra was highly intelligent, politically astute, and wielded great power. But Roman histories heaped opprobrium upon her. Cleopatra’s detractors claimed that she used her feminine wiles to entrap Caesar and Antony. She came to symbolize the danger of female influence to the safety of Rome. The fact that Cleopatra’s legend still burns bright today is proof of Shakespeare’s description of her as "a lady of infinite variety whom custom cannot stale."

Barbara Watterson is a freelance lecturer in Egyptology. Her other books include Gods of Ancient Egypt and Women in Ancient Egypt.