Prehistoric Warfare and Violence ― Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches

This is the first book to explore prehistoric warfare and violence by integrating qualitative research methods with quantitative, scientific techniques of analysis such as paleopathology, morphometry, wear analysis, and experimental archaeology. It investigates early warfare and violence from the standpoint of four broad, interdisciplinary themes: skeletal markers of interpersonal violence; conflict in prehistoric rock-art; the material evidence of Bronze Age warfare and violence; and the birth of armies in the Iron Age and beyond. The scope of the book has a wide-ranging chronological and geographic coverage, from early Neolithic to Late Iron Age and from Western Europe to East Asia. It includes world-renowned sites and artefact collections such as the Tollense Valley Bronze Age battlefield (Germany), the UNESCO World Heritage Site at Tanum (Sweden), and the British Museum collection of bronze weaponry from the late Shang period (China). Additionally original case studies are presented in each section by a diverse international authorship. 

The study of warfare and violence in prehistoric and pre-literate societies has been at the forefront of archaeological debate since the publication of Keeley’s provocative monograph War Before Civilization (Oxford 1996). The problem has been approached from a number of standpoints including anthropological and behavioral studies of interpersonal violence, osteological examinations of sharp lesions and blunt-force traumas, wear analysis of ancient weaponry, and field experiments with replica weapons and armor. This research, however, is often confined within the boundaries of the various disciplines and specialist fields. In particular, a deep gulf still divides research approaches grounded in the humanities and social sciences from those based on the scientific analysis of human remains and material culture. The consequence is that, to this day, the subject is dominated by a number of undemonstrated assumptions regarding the nature of warfare, combat and violence in non-literate societies as well as the lack of functionality (or effectiveness) of early bronze weaponry and armor. Moreover, important methodological questions remain unanswered: can we securely distinguish between violence-related and accidental trauma on skeletal remains? To what extent can wear analysis shed light on long-forgotten fighting styles? Can we design meaningful combat tests based on historic martial arts? And can the study of rock-art unlock the social realities of prehistoric warfare? By breaking the mold of entrenched subject boundaries, this edited volume promotes interdisciplinary debate in the study of prehistoric warfare and violence by presenting a number of innovative approaches that integrate qualitative and quantitative methods of research and analysis.

Andrea Dolfini is a specialist in the later prehistory of Europe and the Mediterranean. His research interests encompass early copper and bronze technology, funerary practices, and ancient weaponry and warfare. He is particularly keen to investigate the life-histories of early metal tools and weapons by wear analysis and experimental archaeology. He is currently a Senior Lecturer in Later Prehistory at Newcastle University (UK). 

Rachel Crellin is a Lecturer in Later Prehistory at the University of Leicester (UK). Her key research interest is in the study and theorisation of change. She specialises in the in the Later Neolithic and Bronze Age of Britain and Ireland and is an expert in metalwork wear-analysis. 

Christian Horn is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Gothenburg (Sweden) and a researcher for the Swedish Rock Art Research Archive in the Torsten Soderberg Foundation project. He studied pre- and proto-history, classical archaeology, and medieval history at the Ruhr-University in Bochum. In 2011, he finished his PhD thesis on Copper and Bronze Age halberds in Europe and received his doctorate from the Free University Berlin. His current research focuses on representations of metalwork in Bronze Age petroglyphs, the transformation of rock art, and new applications of 3D modelling in rock art studies. He is also a specialist in metalwork wear analysis concentrating on the complex interplay of functional and ritual aspects of metalwork. His research interests include material culture studies, human-object relations, and warfare. 

Marion Uckelmann is a researcher of the European Bronze Age, specializing in weaponry, warfare and metalworking technologies. She is currently an Honorary Research Fellow at the Department of Archaeology, Durham University (UK).