Part I: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding Deprived Communities
1 Understanding deprived communities globally; Author: Ana Opacic
In this chapter different meanings of deprived communities are discussed and positioned within a specific global context. These meanings refer to the following concepts: ˝low income˝, ˝impoverished˝, ˝vulnerable˝, ˝remote˝, ˝disadvantaged˝, ˝undeserved˝, ˝less favoured˝ community, ˝slum˝, ˝ghetto˝, ˝favela˝. Different deprived communities are classified in five groups. The first group is based on lower income or health indicators as a proxy for poverty. The second group is the deprived community and based on a multidimensional approach that can be compared with non-deprived neighborhoods. The third group consists of marginalized, disadvantaged, and less favored communities with a focus on development trajectories within a wider social context. The fourth group reflects communities with a severe exposure to risks that result from geographical isolation in remote communities. In the fifth group, there are so-called controversial communities in urban settings that do not differ solely from their surroundings, but also exhibit a specific lifestyle and identity leading towards stigmatization in a wider context. 2 Effects of deprived community on personal well-being and community processes; Author: Ana Opacic In this chapter the author discusses what it means to live in a deprived community based on systematic literature review. Deprived community as a context produces adverse effects on both the individual level and community level. Existing research show that people who live in a deprived community face poverty, higher rates of crime, and have lower health and education prospects. In deprived communities lack of social services is notable. Research show that deprived communities are characterized by community processes such as segregation, exclusion, and lower sense of autonomy, resilience, and empowerment. In this chapter the author places these effects in the frame of theoretical approach, such as community development theory, diversity, and multicultural context and community resilience.
Part II. Social Work Practices in Deprived Communities Throughout the World
3 Community development principles in the context of deprived communities. Authors: Ana Opacic, Carmen Luca Sugawara, Nino Zganec
In this chapter the authors outline central principles of community development and position them within the frame of deprived communities. Specific attention is given to principles of autonomy (including community participation, ownership, self-help), principles of inclusive communities (advocacy, access and equity, inclusion), and principles of active communities (social action, networking, empowerment, lifelong learning). Many times deprived communities as systems demonstrate system archetypes that suggest challenges of implementing community development principles into practice. For example, deprived communities may demonstrate addiction on external relief; there is a strong sense of powerlessness, communities may face stigmatization, and communities with scarce resources may develop inner inequalities and lack of trust towards community structures. These challenges are supported through empirical findings and the authors outline the importance of these principles for sustainable community development.
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