Environmental ethics A philosophical study with reference to Islam and Hinduism

Introduction The history of ethics, which starts about the period of 6 thcentury B.C., was entirely related to moral philosophy which has its own uniqueness and was divided into three periods. The medieval era of ethics started from 500 A.D. to 1500 A.D; the foremost subject of debate in the medieval times was its acceptance by early English positivists. After the medieval period we move to the illuminated times and proceed with Hobbes the father of modern ethics and this period started from 1500 A.D. onwards. After Hobbes the thoughts of English and German ethics have been distinguished. So because of that the English Intuitionists (naturalists) served by Utilitarian's got opposed to Kantian ethics but in the 19th century these have been discussed very furiously in Europe. The evolution concepts into physical sciences and development of ethics developed by Comte, Darwin, Spencer backed by Green made the impact of evolutionary concepts in 20thcentury also, but still shared amid Utilitarian's and Kantians (Kant's categorical Imperative).1 In ethical institution each period had its own special characteristics. In the Greek period the state shaped the background of the moral life, and who so ever performed his duties as a responsible citizens was regarded as a good man. The medieval period was dominated by Christian religion in Europe, so because of that the good moral life was identified with the holy religious point of view. In the modern life, morality is concerned with individual's rights and duties in order to free other individuals.2 The term ethics has been derived from the Greek word ethikos which itself is derived from the Greek word Ethos, which means custom or character. The ethical behavior which is good in itself is considered good in philosophy. The area of ethics considers the concept of right as well as wrong behavior. The individual and societal desires and motivations does change but the concepts of right and wrong does not change as they are not referring to the given conditions, they are changeless.3 Ethics is the science of human behavior which deals with the right and wrong actions of a person. Ethics is considered as the normative science of human conduct which is made up of voluntary actions of a person. Conduct is composed of an inward and outward action of a person. Conduct does not include such activities of humans like blood circulation of which most of the people have no control, but it includes the voluntary actions of a person. Voluntary actions are such type of actions which are chosen by our conscious impetus, and includes willing and volitional of actions. In,