The increased interest in Telecommunication equipment in the recent years is evident
from the widespread proliferation of mobile devices made live, operational and interactive by the
ubiquitous internet. The meteoric swelling in usage of smart devices and mobile data
growth erects a challenge to service providers to overcome global shortage of bandwidth. The demand
of high channel bandwidth, rapid data connections, smart multimedia and improvement in spectrum
performance is need of the hour. The 2018 CISCO Visual Networking Index (VNI) predicts the
upcoming requirement in terms of data handling capacity and growth in connections. A brief
description of existing and predicted traffic as per the CISCO report is to be given in order to
lay the foundation at the time of thesis writing as follows: It is estimated because of prevalence
of Internet of Things (IoT), M2M connection will increase 2.4 fold i.e. from 6.1 billion in 2018 to
14.7 billion in 2023. Cellular service mobile subscribers are expected to grow at a CAGR of 2% from
5.1 billion subscribers in 2018 to 5.7 billion subscribers by 2023. The surge in
mobile applications and expansion in mobile connectivity leading to end user growth has
provoked mobile industry to manage the bandwidth and redefine the monetization network
models. We have seen the growth of 4G deployments and early rise in 5G. In 2019 4G
surpassed other networks and became predominant mobile network. It is expected by 2023
46% of the total connections will be 4G connections. 5G connections appeared into scene in 2019
are growing at immense rate with 100- fold forecast from 13 million connections in 2019 to 1.4
billion by 2023. 5G is emerging to be the strong contender for cellular connectivity powered by
Internet of Thing (IoT) ballooning. Most importantly, average mobile network connection speed in
2018 was 13.2 Mbps which will increase up to 43.9 Mbps by 2023 and crucial factor behind the
increase is the rise of 5G connections. This clearly highlights the gradual transition
towards Over-the-Air (OTA) communication and devices offering using internet with mobility.
The tremendous growth in mobile and wireless networks over last two decades has
revolutionized the world by bringing several standards under one umbrella. It is worth noting to
discuss the evolution of the "G" generations of mobile networks briefly with
nucleus surrounding the corresponding antenna ally for first to fourth generation before
presenting 5G in
detail.
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