Dioecy refers to having female and male flowers on separate unisexual plants. This sexual dimorphism provides an excellent opportunity to study and investigate sexual reproduction in dioecy plants. Dioecious plants are taxonomically significant for their diverse characteristics. Dioecy is identified less frequent among land plants. Due to the spatial segregation of sexes, there is a restricted distribution of each sex to different habitats. Hence, these plants are categorized as vulnerable. Adverse conditions like fragmentation and habitat loss are two significant factors that mostly affect the plant survival rate. Diecious plants, because of their sexual dimorphic behavior, are more prone to this habitat loss compared to non-dioecious plants.
The difference in sex-specific characteristics favors the dimorphism in dioecious plants. Across the environmental gradients, reproductive allocation is plastically adjusted between males and females due to different reproductive costs. Skewed sex ratios are noticed in several dioecious plant species because of their differences in several growth conditions like growth rate, reproductive age and mortality etc.,
It has also been stated that there is a difference in the number of male and female-specific plants in a single species in various habitats. Male plants have been exceeded than female plants in long-lived species, while the number of female plants is more in the clonal propagation system than the male plants. Despite the vegetative difference, a varied sexual dimorphism has been seen among the dioecious plant species. It also varies among the population of a particular species.
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