Applied Physiology in Anesthesia for Liver Disease: Integrating Special Conditions, Modern Technology, and Artificial Intelligence

The delivery of safe and effective anesthesia requires an in-depth understanding of physiology, meticulous preparation, and adaptability to the unique challenges presented by each patient. This book, Anesthesia for Patients with Liver Disease: Physiology, Challenges, and Innovations, has been developed with the primary aim of contributing to improved patient outcomes through the application of sound anesthetic principles and individualized care.
A comprehensive understanding of hepatic physiology is fundamental to the anesthetic management of patients with liver dysfunction. Accordingly, this text reviews the essential aspects of liver physiology with a specific focus on their application to perioperative anesthetic considerations.
In addition to foundational knowledge, the book addresses the anesthetic management of complex and high-risk scenarios, including:

• Patients with liver disease complicated by stroke in the elderly,
• Cesarean sections in recipients of liver transplantation,
• Preterm neonates with hepatic concerns,
• Patients with liver disease and concomitant congestive heart failure.

Recognizing the diversity and complexity of these cases, the guidance provided herein is intentionally broad and must be individualized based on the patient's overall clinical condition, associated comorbidities, local institutional protocols, medicolegal frameworks, and workplace-specific guidelines.
Furthermore, the text explores recent advances in technology, with particular emphasis on the emerging role of artificial intelligence (AI) in the anesthetic management of liver disease. Innovations in predictive analytics, monitoring, and perioperative planning are reshaping contemporary practice and hold significant promise for the future. This book also includes self-assessment MCQs that focus on key points, offering an alternative educational approach to avoid information overload. Additionally, important sources and references are provided for readers who wish to explore certain topics in greater depth.This book is intended for medical students, anesthesiology trainees, and practicing clinicians who seek a concise yet comprehensive resource. It aims to serve both as an educational foundation and as a practical guide for the anesthetic care of patients with hepatic disorders across a range of complex