A History of Goblins: From Medieval Demons to World of Warcraft

This book examines the history of goblins from the Middle Ages to the present. It shows that goblins--whether interpreted as creatures, objects, ideas, or people--were historically contingent and grounded in an often-hazy interplay between folkloric and folkloresque traditions. As such, goblins cannot be reduced to a singular appearance or set of characteristics. They are products of their historical environments, which has allowed people throughout history to portray them without contradiction in varied fashions: demons working on behalf of Satan, residents of Fairyland that occasionally enter our world to perform mischievous tricks, and cave-dwelling villains united under a goblin king in the fantasy universes of Tolkien or Dungeons & Dragons (among countless others).

These manifold interpretations of the goblin do not mean that the word was so multifaceted as to have no widespread, underlying connotations. Goblins have tended to serve as crude, destructive mimicries of something deemed abnormal by a given author. Humans labeled as goblins were often those that fell outside of normative ideas about proper appearances and behaviors, especially according to Anglophone elites. This pejorative categorization was sometimes applied to those with dark skin (including the "pygmies" of Central Africa as described by British colonial administrators of the nineteenth century) and those with observable disabilities. In the twenty-first century, however, goblins have seen a sympathetic reappraisal that inverts these longstanding stereotypes as assets in an age of unreasonable societal expectations. The framing of goblins as sympathetic protagonists in fantasy novels, oppressed victims of human aggression in RPGs, and avatars for underappreciated natural beauty on Goblincore forums has inverted the negative tropes that so frequently defined them in decades prior.