Innovation and Medieval Communities: The Circulation of Ideas and Practices in and Out of the Town (1200-1500)

The creation of new things and the destruction of old things is a principle of capitalism and apparently well known to us. The Austrian economist Joseph Schumpeter expressed this in the formula of "creative destruction". In this way, destruction is not a defect of market activity, but the necessary consequence of something new coming into being. If we accept this logic, which contrasts every general gain with a concrete loss, as one of the contradictions of the capitalist economy, well studied for the 19th and 20th centuries, we must admit that medieval culture also demonstrated its mastery of the art of the paradox when the question of innovation is raised. Indeed, dynamics of the relationship between old and new are not, by the focus on technical and industrial progress or digital change, specific to modernity and postmodernity. Cultural change characterises all cultures, although the characteristics and perceptions differ. This is particularly true for times of cultural change, which must not be reduced too quickly to the epochal change of Antiquity-Middle Ages-Modern Times. The European Middle Ages between 13th and 15th century exhibits such dynamics of old and new and therefore offers the possibility of tracing them analytically. In this context, the long-held image of an epoch in which all change was slowed down or prevented can be rejected. On focusing on problem solution and conflicts, the studies gathered in this collective book provide a variety of strategies which can be qualified as new on the basis of the use of reflections, materiality, technical solutions, sciences or innovative methods. Different combinations are conceivable, from the new as an impulse for change, to the use of the new to preserve the old state, and even to the rejection of the new. In this way, by looking through the mirror of the past, this book also contributes to a differentiated view of innovation in our contemporary societies.