The inauguration of the premier Grand Lodge in London on St John's Day, 24 June 1717, may well be said to have been the commencement of organised freemasonry as it is understood today but, before examining the development from that date it would be helpful if earlier threads are drawn together and to take a look at pointers in that direction that are to be found prior to that date, and that event.
Following the Norman conquest of England in AD 1066 architectural styles began to change from the strong, sturdy and simple, to ornate structures. Designers, architects, sculptors, and artisans all gained considerably from the techniques that entered the country from other nations. Churches, cathedrals, and palaces were built on the grand scale and with added skills that were then necessary the time had arrived for a development of control, not only for protection of crafts and skills that were involved but for the maintenance of those higher standards. Trade Guilds arose in the cities and principal towns and the craftsmen met together there as well as on sites where the work went on; some projects were of such magnitude that decades were to pass and a lifetime was spent by some before they were completed. No artisan could pursue his skill without proper recognition from a controlling body and accredited evidence had to be forthcoming before any acknowledgement could be afforded in passing from one site to another. A system of tuition and control for apprentices and masters alike, as well as an elementary code of behaviour were devised and such details were drawn up for the mason craft on parchment rolls and read out on every convenient occasion for that purpose. As was to be expected in a Christian society when life in general was guided by scholars from the abbeys, monasteries, cathedrals and churches which represented the centrepiece for each community, large or small, each Guild had its patron Saint and attendance for Mass on that day was deemed an obligation and wages paid for attention to it.
外文書商品之書封，為出版社提供之樣本。實際出貨商品，以出版社所提供之現有版本為主。部份書籍，因出版社供應狀況特殊，匯率將依實際狀況做調整。
無庫存之商品，在您完成訂單程序之後，將以空運的方式為你下單調貨。為了縮短等待的時間，建議您將外文書與其他商品分開下單，以獲得最快的取貨速度，平均調貨時間為1~2個月。
為了保護您的權益，「三民網路書店」提供會員七日商品鑑賞期(收到商品為起始日)。
若要辦理退貨，請在商品鑑賞期內寄回，且商品必須是全新狀態與完整包裝(商品、附件、發票、隨貨贈品等)否則恕不接受退貨。
