The modern countries of the Middle East are generally assumed to have been created when Britain and France cast lots for parts of the dismembered Ottoman Empire before, during, and after World War II,
The Nahda (lit. 'the Awakening') was one of the most significant cultural movements in modern Arab history. By focusing on the neglected role of women in the intellectual Islamic renaissance of the la
This book focuses on the evolution of Ottoman reform as it was perceived, and negotiated, from the perspectives of the capital Istanbul and of the Arab provinces of Syria, including Palestine. It also
