Designing Quantitative Experiments

Advances in Quantitative Analysis of Finance and Accounting (New Series) is an annual publication designed to disseminate developments in the quantitative analysis of finance and accounting. The publication is a forum for statistical and quantitative analyses of issues in finance and accounting as well as applications of quantitative methods to problems in financial management, financial accounting, and business management. The objective is to promote interaction between academic research in finance and accounting and applied research in the financial community and the accounting profession.

Advances in Quantitative Analysis of Finance and Accounting (New Series) is an annual publication designed to disseminate developments in the quantitative analysis of finance and accounting. The publication is a forum for statistical and quantitative analyses of issues in finance and accounting as well as applications of quantitative methods to problems in financial management, financial accounting, and business management. The objective is to promote interaction between academic research in finance and accounting and applied research in the financial community and the accounting profession.

Advances in Quantitative Analysis of Finance and Accounting (New Series) is an annual publication designed to disseminate developments in the quantitative analysis of finance and accounting. The publication is a forum for statistical and quantitative analyses of issues in finance and accounting as well as applications of quantitative methods to problems in financial management, financial accounting, and business management. The objective is to promote interaction between academic research in finance and accounting and applied research in the financial community and the accounting profession.

Advances in Quantitative Analysis of Finance and Accounting (New Series) is an annual publication designed to disseminate developments in the quantitative analysis of finance and accounting. The publication is a forum for statistical and quantitative analyses of issues in finance and accounting as well as applications of quantitative methods to problems in financial management, financial accounting, and business management. The objective is to promote interaction between academic research in finance and accounting and applied research in the financial community and the accounting profession.

Advances in Quantitative Analysis of Finance and Accounting (New Series) is an annual publication designed to disseminate developments in the quantitative analysis of finance and accounting. The publication is a forum for statistical and quantitative analyses of issues in finance and accounting as well as applications of quantitative methods to problems in financial management, financial accounting, and business management. The objective is to promote interaction between academic research in finance and accounting and applied research in the financial community and the accounting profession.

Advances in Quantitative Analysis of Finance and Accounting (New Series) is an annual publication designed to disseminate developments in the quantitative analysis of finance and accounting. The publication is a forum for statistical and quantitative analyses of issues in finance and accounting as well as applications of quantitative methods to problems in financial management, financial accounting, and business management. The objective is to promote interaction between academic research in finance and accounting and applied research in the financial community and the accounting profession.

Advances in Quantitative Analysis of Finance and Accounting (New Series) is an annual publication designed to disseminate developments in the quantitative analysis of finance and accounting. The publication is a forum for statistical and quantitative analyses of issues in finance and accounting as well as applications of quantitative methods to problems in financial management, financial accounting, and business management. The objective is to promote interaction between academic research in finance and accounting and applied research in the financial community and the accounting profession.

Advances in Quantitative Analysis of Finance and Accounting (New Series) is an annual publication designed to disseminate developments in the quantitative analysis of finance and accounting. The publication is a forum for statistical and quantitative analyses of issues in finance and accounting as well as applications of quantitative methods to problems in financial management, financial accounting, and business management. The objective is to promote interaction between academic research in finance and accounting and applied research in the financial community and the accounting profession.

Advances in Quantitative Analysis of Finance and Accounting (New Series) is an annual publication designed to disseminate developments in the quantitative analysis of finance and accounting. The publication is a forum for statistical and quantitative analyses of issues in finance and accounting as well as applications of quantitative methods to problems in financial management, financial accounting, and business management. The objective is to promote interaction between academic research in finance and accounting and applied research in the financial community and the accounting profession.

Advances in Quantitative Analysis of Finance and Accounting (New Series) is an annual publication designed to disseminate developments in the quantitative analysis of finance and accounting. The publication is a forum for statistical and quantitative analyses of issues in finance and accounting as well as applications of quantitative methods to problems in financial management, financial accounting, and business management. The objective is to promote interaction between academic research in finance and accounting and applied research in the financial community and the accounting profession. The papers in this volume cover a wide range of topics including corporate finance and debt management, earnings management, equity market, auditing, option pricing theory, and interest rate theory. In this volume there are eleven chapters, five of them are corporate finance and debt management: 1. Liquidity and Adverse Selection: Evidence from the Five-or-Fewer Rule Change; 2. Changing Busin

Advances in Quantitative Analysis of Finance and Accounting (New Series) is an annual publication designed to disseminate developments in the quantitative analysis of finance and accounting. The publication is a forum for statistical and quantitative analyses of issues in finance and accounting as well as applications of quantitative methods to problems in financial management, financial accounting, and business management. The objective is to promote interaction between academic research in finance and accounting and applied research in the financial community and the accounting profession. The papers in this volume cover a wide range of topics including corporate finance and debt management, earnings management, equity market, auditing, option pricing theory, and interest rate theory. In this volume there are eleven chapters, five of them are corporate finance and debt management: 1. Liquidity and Adverse Selection: Evidence from the Five-or-Fewer Rule Change; 2. Changing Busin

Advances in Financial Planning and Froecasting (New Series) is an annual publication designed to disseminate developments in the area of financial analysis, planning, and forecasting. The publication is a froum for statistical, quantitative, and accounting analyses of issues in financial analysis and planning in terms of finance, accounting, and economic data.

Advances in Financial Planning and Froecasting (New Series) is an annual publication designed to disseminate developments in the area of financial analysis, planning, and forecasting. The publication is a froum for statistical, quantitative, and accounting analyses of issues in financial analysis and planning in terms of finance, accounting, and economic data.

Advances in Financial Planning and Froecasting (New Series) is an annual publication designed to disseminate developments in the area of financial analysis, planning, and forecasting. The publication is a froum for statistical, quantitative, and accounting analyses of issues in financial analysis and planning in terms of finance, accounting, and economic data.

Advances in Financial Planning and Froecasting (New Series) is an annual publication designed to disseminate developments in the area of financial analysis, planning, and forecasting. The publication is a froum for statistical, quantitative, and accounting analyses of issues in financial analysis and planning in terms of finance, accounting, and economic data.

Advances in Financial Planning and Froecasting (New Series) is an annual publication designed to disseminate developments in the area of financial analysis, planning, and forecasting. The publication is a froum for statistical, quantitative, and accounting analyses of issues in financial analysis and planning in terms of finance, accounting, and economic data.

Advances in Financial Planning and Froecasting (New Series) is an annual publication designed to disseminate developments in the area of financial analysis, planning, and forecasting. The publication is a froum for statistical, quantitative, and accounting analyses of issues in financial analysis and planning in terms of finance, accounting, and economic data.

The Placemakers of Hong Kong pays homage to what local development companies, charitable organizations, as well as the government have been able to achieve in contributing to the enhancement of Hong Kong’s evolving urban and rural landscape. Far from being solely profit-driven, developers and urban planners have been vital to the community by creating and designing urban spaces for the public, increasing walkability, and embracing sustainable design—a process called ‘placemaking’. The book also recognizes that just as important are the subsequent placekeeping activities necessary to keep each project site relevant and up-to-date. Featuring five case studies from the past and one that examines the ambitious and far-reaching plans for the Northern Metropolis, this book tells the story of Hong Kong’s miraculous urban development over the past few decades.

Advances in Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management (New Series) is an annual publication designed to disseminate developments in the area of investment analysis and portfolio management. The publication is a forum for statistical and quantitative analyses of issues in security analysis, portfolio management, options, futures, and other related issues. The objective is to promote interaction between academic research in finance, economics, and accounting and applied research in the financial community.

Advances in Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management (New Series) is an annual publication designed to disseminate developments in the area of investment analysis and portfolio management. The publication is a forum for statistical and quantitative analyses of issues in security analysis, portfolio management, options, futures, and other related issues. The objective is to promote interaction between academic research in finance, economics, and accounting and applied research in the financial community.

Advances in Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management (New Series) is an annual publication designed to disseminate developments in the area of investment analysis and portfolio management. The publication is a forum for statistical and quantitative analyses of issues in security analysis, portfolio management, options, futures, and other related issues. The objective is to promote interaction between academic research in finance, economics, and accounting and applied research in the financial community.

Advances in Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management (New Series) is an annual publication designed to disseminate developments in the area of investment analysis and portfolio management. The publication is a forum for statistical and quantitative analyses of issues in security analysis, portfolio management, options, futures, and other related issues. The objective is to promote interaction between academic research in finance, economics, and accounting and applied research in the financial community.

Even though molecular biology has long been a basic tool in biomedical research, scientists still face the question of why certain molecular biology methods are used for certain experiments. To unlock the mystery, one must first understand the principles behind the methods. Unfortunately, very few molecular biology books have successfully provided satisfactory explanations. This book intends to fill this void by offering topics ranging from basic knowledge to the current state of the art in applied molecular biology. The principles and applications related to each technique included in the text are all described in full detail.

Advances in Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management (New Series) is an annual publication designed to disseminate developments in the area of investment analysis and portfolio management. The publication is a forum for statistical and quantitative analyses of issues in security analysis, portfolio management, options, futures, and other related issues. The objective is to promote interaction between academic research in finance, economics, and accounting and applied research in the financial community.

Advances in Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management (New Series) is an annual publication designed to disseminate developments in the area of investment analysis and portfolio management. The publication is a forum for statistical and quantitative analyses of issues in security analysis, portfolio management, options, futures, and other related issues. The objective is to promote interaction between academic research in finance, economics, and accounting and applied research in the financial community.

Given the rapid pace at which the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and other Asian economies are growing and the global volatility that these societies are experiencing, social capital and its diverse connectivities can furnish useful anchoring to communities, neighbourhoods, local governments and social protection networks. This volume in twelve chapters provides a critical analysis of social capital, its indigenous evolution and spread in HKSAR. Some of the experiments and activities narrated in these chapters indicate the ingenious blending of the local ethos and culture with modern organisational forms and information networks. Policy makers, development practitioners, researchers of civil society organisations and welfare agencies will find this book a helpful reference source. The book will also appeal as a text or supplementary reading in management, public administration, governance, and development economics courses dealing with social capital and social enterprise.

Even though molecular biology has long been a basic tool in biomedical research, scientists still face the question of why certain molecular biology methods are used for certain experiments. To unlock the mystery, one must first understand the principles behind the methods. Unfortunately, very few molecular biology books have successfully provided satisfactory explanations. This book intends to fill this void by offering topics ranging from basic knowledge to the current state of the art in applied molecular biology. The principles and applications related to each technique included in the text are all described in full detail.

《数量经济研究》（The Journal of Quantitative Economics）是由吉林大学数量经济研究中心主办、吉林大学商学与管理学院协办的学术文集。发表国内外学者在数量经济的理论与应用、经济形势分析与预测、经济政策理论与评价、金融市场与金融风险、微观经济计量与经济模拟、博弈论与制度经济学等研究成果。文集遵循百花齐放、百家争鸣的方针，坚持理论研究与实证研究相结合、定量分析与定性分析相结合，关注世界经济领域的重大学科前沿问题，并结合中国的实际进行深入的分析和阐释。以加强国内外交流，促进学术繁荣，为经济理论与实践，特别是数量经济的理论与应用研究提供平台，为我国社会主义经济建设服务。

本書集結六篇論文（第一、三、四、六篇德文，第二篇西班牙文，第五篇義大利文），本書為因應時代變遷下的教育環境及學生職涯挑戰，在教學方法上所提出新的論述及建構。 This book contains essays by various teachers from different universities and departments with the aim of presenting modern teaching methods for the changed learning and study conditions on the basis of theoretical preliminary considerations. Language teachers at Taiwanese universities often encounter similar difficulties in designing lessons: students’ increasing frustration and lack of motivation. Many students experience a high level of frustration and demotivation; they cannot find future prospects in language studies. Confronted with reality of time-consuming internships, part-time jobs and life, many students become painfully aware that a linguistic degree won’t prepare them for later work or provides career opportunities. In addition, they realize their low language skills and life experiences. Aware of that problem, the language departments have to find new teaching methods and create curricula which

"Arthur's depth and breadth of knowledge on growing food plants are beyond compare, both theoretically and practically. His love of plants in general, and growing vegetables in particular, is clearly evident in the quality and variety of vegetables he grows in his own garden. He is also an excellent teacher, who gives clear and detailed explanations for everything he demonstrates, both in person and in his inspiring books. Arthur’s hard earned experience is an invaluable source of information and he constantly researches and experiments to enhance understanding of growing food plants. This second edition of Growing Your Own Food in Hong Kong expands on the rich content of his first book on the subject. Whether you are a novice, experienced gardener or armchair student, it is an invaluable source of wisdom used together with the first edition or as a new arrival in your reference library."──Vivien Wallis, Long time Hong Kong gardener, Past Vice Chair, The Hong Kong Gardening Society 「他在

The role of media in any society is vital and is closely related to brands and consumption especially in a vibrant 21st century Asian city. Hong Kong with its free-market economy and urban bustle is a perfect place to observe this in action. But Hong Kong is also deeply conservative in many ways especially with regard to family values, and the presence of overtly sexualized images in advertising sits uncomfortably with the values of modesty and traditional sexual mores that exist there. Young girls are also discovering their identities like any other groups of girls in the world, and often this journey will not be easy. This book deals with media and the extent to which media representations influence girls in Hong Kong and how they are affected by this ubiquitous presence. Through the quantitative and qualitative studies, readers could examine and understand how tween girls and teen girls in Hong Kong interact with the media and how they interpret the messages from the media. The ob

A number of research groups around the world have begun to study how the brain acquires and processes language, but we still know comparatively little about it. Many such groups work on very specific, often narrow, problems. This approach is certainly necessary, but a broad perspective can be helpful, if not essential, too. This volume consists of an important collection of papers presented at the Seminar on Language, Evolution, and the Brain (SLEB), hosted by the International Institute for Advanced Studies in Kyoto, Japan, bringing together distinguished researchers with background in cognitive science, anthropology, linguistics, robotics, physics, etc. Major topics discussed here include: Creoles and pidgins, and their implications regarding language evolution. Quantitative analysis and modeling of various aspects of language evolution, including the evolution of lexical items and color terms, the emergence of linguistics categories, and the dynamics of language competition. The ev

Advances in Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management (New Series) is an annual publication designed to disseminate developments in the area of investment analysis and portfolio management. The publication is a forum for statistical and quantitative analyses of issues in security analysis, portfolio management, options, futures, and other related issues. The objective is to promote interaction between academic research in finance, economics, and accounting and applied research in the financial community. The chapters in this volume cover a wider range of topics including equity markets, risk return trade-off analysis and portfolio management, and IPOs. In this volume there are 10 chapters, four of them analyze the issues of equity markets: 1. Revisiting U.S. Stock Market Returns: Individual Retirement Accounts; 2. Asset Returns and Monetary Policy in the Emerging Taiwan Financial Markets; 3. On the Intradaily Relationship between Information Revelation and Trade Duration: The Evi

我們正走向更全面性的設計觀，它將會為更多的個人、社群、與世界帶來衝擊。──比爾‧摩格里吉 誰是未來的使用者？ 隱藏在「可用性」之後的是什麼﹖ 難道不是所有的設計都是以使用者為中心的嗎﹖ 「設計者」，儘管歷史多所曲折，不會再以美感為主要考量。他們會探索並改造權力、回饋、與溝通的系統，傳達出更寬廣的文化與社會經驗。 設計師在進行產品、空間、或媒體創作的過程中，總是會不斷地思考人類是如何與他們的作品互動的。的確，許多設計師認為滿足人們的需求是設計的基本要務。誰是設計師千方百計想要了解的對象﹖ 「使用者」在設計流程中扮演了各式各樣的角色。他們可能被描繪成理想或標準的典型，可能是被觀察、被評量、或甚至被操弄的「消費者」，也可能是積極參與問題解決的夥伴。 今天，使用者本身已然形成一股創意力量，進而打破了設計師與使用者、主體與客體之間的分界。而隨著創意團隊尋求與日益見多識廣的社會大眾建立更平等的關係，「人本設計」（designing for people）一詞也逐漸被「讓人參與設計」（designing with people）所取代。 比爾‧摩格里吉曾說：「工程師先有技術，然後賦予它用途；商人先有生意點子，然後找尋技術與消費者；設計師則是先有人，然後再從人的角度發展解決方案。」 誰是未來的使用者？價格愈趨合理的3D列印技術許了我們一個屬於個人設計與製造的新時代。隨著新時代的展開，專業設計師們會設立資料庫，讓人們下載各種可以組裝各種元素的樣式與工具。由於產品只需要滿足單一觀眾，設計師很可能會成為引領自造者探索需求與動機的諮商師與趨勢專家。 隱藏在「可用性」之後的是什麼﹖在《關鍵設計報告》中，摩格里吉詳述了人因研究的層級，並將人體解剖學（人體測量學）的尺寸丈量放在最底層，愈往上複雜度與研究度愈高。從人體測量學往上分別是生理學（physiology，人體如何運作）、認知心理學（cognitive psychology，心智如何運作）、以及文化人類學（cultural anthropology，了解人類狀態）。位在人因層級最頂級的是生態學（ecology），探討的是所有生物間的互賴關係。回想過往的使用者，摩格里吉認為只講個人需求的視野對設計思考的未來而言過於狹隘。 難道不是所有的設計都是以使用者為中心的嗎﹖不是的。事實上，製造商的短期經濟利益、設計師基於個人情感或理論的

100天的書寫練習， 每位高中生都能完成有助升學加分的學習歷程檔案。 跟著台大學霸的學涯設計學習單， 一天回答一個問題， 100天之後就能找到想念的科系， 寫完這本學涯設計帳，等於完成高中三年的學習歷程檔案。 如果一趟三天的旅行都要規劃，那此生僅此一趟、長達三年並影響一生的中學之旅，更是一定要好好設計！ 你的生命並非為了成就學業或某個職業，是要讓學業與職業成為幫手，成就自己的人生！ 當你把學習歷程當成IG帳號來看待，而不是交作業，你一定會發現自己開始轉變！ 頂著「最高學府」台大的光環，陳坤平親身實踐生涯探索， 從課輔大哥哥成為裝潢公司的老闆， 奔波全台各大的工地同時，再跨足教育，成立WeTeach教育平台，當起學生們的「學涯探索」導師， 致力跨領域教育工作者的培力，在台灣各地透過講座、論壇與工作坊，幫助了上萬名青春世代的孩子。 受到史丹佛大學Designing Your Life的啟發，陳坤平鼓勵孩子做自己的「學涯設計師」， 運用書中的14大學涯設計工具、上百題開放式的提問思考， 引導中學生探索自我、認識職業與產業，找到自己與世界趨勢的連結， 只有學生把自己放進未來之後，才能發現自己想在這個世界所解決的問題， 再回頭設計與規劃學習歷程檔案。 誰適合讀這本書 ⬤國、高中生--我的人生我決定、我負責 自己的未來不想被爸媽、老師、考試制度決定的青春世代，透過書中的指引，拿回屬於自己學涯與生涯的主動權。 ⬤國、高中教育工作者--讓「空堂」不空白。 還在為自主學習課堂及學習歷程檔案該教什麼、如何教而跌跌撞撞，不斷摸索嗎？趕快讓這本⋞用IG思維，做自己的學涯設計師⋟進入全校共讀，有觀念、有心法，更有具體練習的方法，終結課堂的混亂，讓「空堂」不空白。 ⬤高中生家長-與孩子一起預見未來 想要了解你家青春期孩子所面對的未來，這是一本最佳入門書。 本書特色 ⬤一書+一練習本，幫助孩子成為自己學習的主人： 新課綱、新學習時代的學涯專屬攻略： –淺白的IG比喻引導學生理解學習歷程檔案 –從天賦、現狀、價值觀找自己 –探索適合的議題、產業、科系 –規劃可加分的學習歷程檔案 三年高中自主學習課堂可使用的練習題本， 14大學

2016年全球經濟情勢不佳，2015年年底以來，國際貨幣基金組織（IMF）連續五次下修全球經成長率的預測，估計2016年全球經濟成長率將會比2015年減少0.1個百分點至3.1%，並對經濟持續停滯提出警告。 表現較好的美國，經濟雖然已經回到成長正軌，聯準會（Fed）並於2015年年底啟動升息循環，但經濟復甦的力道始終未如預期強勁，也讓一直高喊要升息的Fed遲遲不敢動作。而中國正處於結構改革時期，成長力道明顯低於過往，自保有餘，但推動全球經濟成長力有未逮。歐盟及日本情況也不好，這兩大經濟體仍在加大寬鬆貨幣政策以提振成長。同時歐盟內部政治風險提升，「英國脫歐」之後，民粹主義（Populism）正在抬頭。日本通貨緊縮疑慮再起，迫使日本央行提出全球首創的「質化和量化寬鬆貨幣政策」（Quantitative and Qualitative Monetary Easing, QQE）貨幣政策。 影響所及，全球貿易市場交易走緩，台灣出口連續17黑，使得2016年年初以來，行政院主計總處及國內主要經濟預測機構紛紛下修經濟預測，加上蔡英文總統甫就任，新政策的推動與落實尚未成形發酵，也為經濟成長增添不確定性，2016年經濟成長率僅是勉強「保一」。 展望2017年，全球經濟情勢仍未明朗，仍存有許多的不確定性。首先，川普從美國總統大選勝出，並表態退出跨太平洋夥伴協定（TPP）、重建製造業、提高關稅等保護主義思維，美國政策走向將是左右全球經濟的關鍵。 其次，繼「英國脫歐」之後，義大利「修憲公投」執政黨慘敗，主張退出歐盟的在野黨恐將趁勢而起，加上2017年法、德兩國都將舉行總統大選，政治風險不容小覷。 此外，IMF估計2016年全球貿易成長率僅剩2.3%，是過去15年來首次低於全球經濟成長率，加上各國反全球化的情緒逐漸升溫，高度依賴出口成長的台灣經濟應戒慎恐懼。 所幸亞洲新興市場的成長動能依舊強勁，雖然這些開發中國家同樣也受到國際經濟情勢的波動衝擊，但結構性的改革政策落實，包括基礎建設的興建、區域內貿易准入障礙的減少、勞動市場制度的改善等都成為經濟持續成長的關鍵。IMF預測2017年亞洲經濟成長率將維持在5.3%的水準，不含日本及亞洲四小龍的亞洲開發中國家經濟成長率高達6.3%；而亞洲開發銀行（ADB）則認為排除日本之後，亞洲整體經濟成長率仍有5.7%。 整體而言，

回顧2015年臺灣總體經濟表現，由於商品出口衰退，內需疲弱，致使經濟成長率低於1%；而各界對於2016年之臺灣經濟表現雖略較15年樂觀但仍呈審慎保守，臺灣經濟可謂進入平庸式的成長模式。 2016年之全球經濟展望專書，首先由全球經濟回顧與展望出發，了解並掌握國際經濟情勢以及可能變局。其中，美國經濟仍將穩健成長，但因進入升息週期，相關情勢發展值得關切；歐洲平緩復甦，雖然歐元區延長量化寬鬆（Quantitative Easing, QE）期間，但通貨緊縮、難民安置以及歐洲新興經濟體等之地緣政治仍是難題；東北亞之日、韓，預期在力求成長過程中將推出多項經濟改革，仍是臺灣經濟發展之主要對手與可能夥伴。東南亞諸國，雖然因美國升息而可能有資本外移情形，但東協經濟共同體（ASEAN Economic Community, AEC）之促成以及蓬勃成長的內需市場，仍是臺灣外貿與臺商主要投資耕耘區域。 至於中國大陸之變化，對於臺灣之發展與成長仍居關鍵因素；2016年其將開啟「十三五」新頁，但也面臨經濟成長趨緩的新常態。「財政改革」、「產業轉型」、「自貿區擴展」、「一帶一路」等除意涵相關的戰略考量外，同時也伴隨龐大商機與危機，如何「站在巨人的肩膀上」獲取最大利益，又不至於粉身碎骨，確為臺灣重要挑戰。 有關臺灣內部情勢，期許2016年能「築底踏實」、「突圍破繭」，開創經濟大未來。本書除邀請專家提出提振信心的良方外，並期許社會氛圍能更擬聚團結、推己及人並落實執行力外，針對攸關臺灣中長期發展之重要議題，包括如跨太平洋夥伴協定（Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, TPP）、區域全面經濟夥伴協定（Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, RCEP）、東協經濟共同體（ASEAN Economic Community, AEC）等巨型「區域貿易協定」（Regional Trade Agreement, RTA）、自由貿易協定（Free Trade Agreement, FTA）之協議，以及攸關臺灣科技產業發展至鉅之資訊科技協定擴大談判（Information Technology Agreement, ITA 2）、綠色經濟、國土規劃、能源與環保議題等，針對其相關進度、趨勢；以及對臺灣的警示與可能商機，

我們正走向更全面性的設計觀，它將會為更多的個人、社群、與世界帶來衝擊。──比爾‧摩格里吉 誰是未來的使用者？ 隱藏在「可用性」之後的是什麼﹖ 難道不是所有的設計都是以使用者為中心的嗎﹖ 「設計者」，儘管歷史多所曲折，不會再以美感為主要考量。他們會探索並改造權力、回饋、與溝通的系統，傳達出更寬廣的文化與社會經驗。 設計師在進行產品、空間、或媒體創作的過程中，總是會不斷地思考人類是如何與他們的作品互動的。的確，許多設計師認為滿足人們的需求是設計的基本要務。誰是設計師千方百計想要了解的對象﹖ 「使用者」在設計流程中扮演了各式各樣的角色。他們可能被描繪成理想或標準的典型，可能是被觀察、被評量、或甚至被操弄的「消費者」，也可能是積極參與問題解決的夥伴。 今天，使用者本身已然形成一股創意力量，進而打破了設計師與使用者、主體與客體之間的分界。而隨著創意團隊尋求與日益見多識廣的社會大眾建立更平等的關係，「人本設計」（designing for people）一詞也逐漸被「讓人參與設計」（designing with people）所取代。 比爾‧摩格里吉曾說：「工程師先有技術，然後賦予它用途；商人先有生意點子，然後找尋技術與消費者；設計師則是先有人，然後再從人的角度發展解決方案。」 誰是未來的使用者？價格愈趨合理的3D列印技術許了我們一個屬於個人設計與製造的新時代。隨著新時代的展開，專業設計師們會設立資料庫，讓人們下載各種可以組裝各種元素的樣式與工具。由於產品只需要滿足單一觀眾，設計師很可能會成為引領自造者探索需求與動機的諮商師與趨勢專家。 隱藏在「可用性」之後的是什麼﹖在《關鍵設計報告》中，摩格里吉詳述了人因研究的層級，並將人體解剖學（人體測量學）的尺寸丈量放在最底層，愈往上複雜度與研究度愈高。從人體測量學往上分別是生理學（physiology，人體如何運作）、認知心理學（cognitive psychology，心智如何運作）、以及文化人類學（cultural anthropology，了解人類狀態）。位在人因層級最頂級的是生態學（ecology），探討的是所有生物間的互賴關係。回想過往的使用者，摩格里吉認為只講個人需求的視野對設計思考的未來而言過於狹隘。 難道不是所有的設計都是以使用者為中心的嗎﹖不是的。事實上，製造商的短期經濟利益、設計師基於個人情感或理論的

即時定量聚合酶連鎖反應 (real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, real-time qPCR) 為具高特異性且可快速、大量定量的分析方法，為目前退伍軍人菌檢測主要之發展方向。冷卻 水塔為退伍軍人菌重要滋生源，但水塔中累積許多有機物與鐵銹，這些均可能抑制real-time qPCR反應，若未能去除抑制物干擾，則可能低估real-time qPCR檢測結果。本研究比較QiAamp DNA mini kit (Q) 與freeze-thaw/phenol-chloroform (FT-PC) 兩種DNA萃取方法，以及此兩種方法加上膠體管柱 (Sepharose 4B gel column, G) 純化對PCR抑制物的移除、分離的DNA純度及DNA產量之影響；另亦評估Q、Q/G、FT-PC及FT-PC/G結合稀釋作用後所得real-time qPCR抑制情形以及其相對應之L. pneumophila濃度。結果發現：(i) 對腐植酸與鐵離子共存樣本，以Q及FT-PC均可去除≦100 μg/mL腐植酸至低於偵測下限 (1 μg/mL)；(ii) 而不論鐵離子單獨或與腐植酸共存的樣本，Q均可得獲得最高DNA產量 (2.53~3.36; 6.58~6.79 μg/mL)，其次為FT-PC (2.00~2.37; 3.90~4.33 μg/mL)，Q/G (1.15~1.27; 3.21~3.33 μg/mL) 及FT-PC/G (0.76~0.80; 1.77~1.85 μg/mL)；(iii) 四種方法均可獲得純度佳的DNA (A260/A280=1.5-2.0)；(iv) 以G純化DNA無法進一步改善PCR抑制情形，而稀釋作用則可有效去除以Q、Q/G以及FT-PC/G所得DNA之PCR抑制情形。及 (v) 比較四種處理方法結合不同稀釋倍數於real-time qPCR檢測L. pneumophila濃度之結果發現：只含鐵離子的樣本以Q萃取加上10倍或100倍的稀釋可得最接近起使添加之細菌濃度值；而鐵離子與腐植酸共存之樣本，最佳之處理程序則為Q或Q/G分離DNA再加上10倍或100倍的稀釋。由於Q/G程序較複雜且會造成部分DNA損失，因此本研究建議以Q萃取法加上10倍或100倍稀釋為以real-time qPCR檢測含