Dynamic Programming

「讀這本書不是為了同意或不同意裡面的觀點，而是因為它所引發的思考。」 —約翰．肯尼斯．加爾布雷斯《資本主義、社會主義與民主》（以下簡稱《資本主義》）是二十世紀偉大的社會科學經典著作之一。熊彼得這本書之所以如此出色，特別歸功於以下三點：對民主的新穎看法、對資本家經濟營運之另類分析、資本主義因成功趨向消失之煽動性主張。應該強調的是，熊彼得的寫作風格也讓這本著作讀起來很有趣。《資本主義、社會主義與民主》是一本原書約400 頁的厚實著作，一般讀者集中精神約要20 小時才能讀完。如果讀者沒有這麼多時間，建議做以下選讀：第11 至14 章精要的解釋為何資本主義無法存活；第15 和16 章詳細的解釋為何社會主義確實有用；重要的第20 至23 章討論不同的民主理論；著名的那幾章則介紹當代資本主義的運作方式（第7 章〈創造性破壞的過程〉和第8 章〈壟斷性實務〉）。本書分為五個部分，之間沒有太大的關聯。在第一版前言中，作者談到書中的「異質材料」，並將五個部分描述為「接近自我涵蓋的內容」，彼此是用「鍊」和「平台」來產生連結。 這本書一開始就對馬克思進行一段冗長卻又出色的探討，不但具有啟發性，也令人愉悅，但對了解本書主要論點（第一部〈馬克思學說〉）並非必要。熊彼得對馬克思想的分析有一基本的創見之處，即他能用前後一致的方式將馬克思的思想區分為「社會學」和「經濟學」兩類。熊彼得非常崇拜馬克思的社會學（第2 章），但對他的經濟學則持比較懷疑的態度（第3 章）。然而他對馬克思在經濟分析中加入動態元素（dynamic element）的嘗試給予高度的評價，他自己也試圖用他的企業家理論達成類似結果。本書的主要論點是從第二部〈資本主義能存活嗎？〉開始。這部分前幾章專注於分析當前資本主義的運作方式，讀者要尤其注意第7 和第8 章，裡面的「創造性破壞」（creative destruction）和「壟斷性實務」（monopolistic practices）分析相當著名。穿插於第二部分前幾章間的是一種對主流經濟學的有趣評論：整體而言不具動態性，及特別對競爭缺乏現實的認知。第二部分最後幾章專注於討論為何資本主義（按熊彼得的看法）無法存活（第11 至13 章）：資本家文明正在崩潰和資產階級缺乏自信在內的現象。正如許多評論家指出的，這幾章饒富趣味、具有娛樂性，但最終不太有說服力。（參閱本引言稍後說的）。第三部〈社

Georg Forster (1754–94) was in many ways self-taught and rarely had two cents to rub together, but he became one of the most dynamic figures of the Enlightenment: a brilliant writer, naturalist,

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Discover a unique approach to creating art on location: start with a loose, colorful watercolor sketch, let that layer dry, then add details in ink. The result? Sketches that are more vibrant, dynamic, and fun! Designer, urban sketcher, and author of The Urban Sketching Handbook: Sketch Now, Think Later, Mike Daikubara is your guide to this exciting method in The Urban Sketching Handbook: Color First, Ink Later: Start with a detailed overview of the process, from optional light pencil sketch to finishing touchesFollow along several step-by-step demonstrations that apply the approach to a range of subjects, from still life to figures to architectureGet inspired by an extensive gallery of on-location sketches You'll learn how to let watercolor do the hard work of urban sketching and enjoy the spontaneous effects and delightful surprises you'll see in your artwork. The Urban Sketching Handbooks series offers location artists expert instruction on creative techniques, on-location tips and

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