Mathematics of Discrete Structures for Computer Science

Scientists and 'anti-scientists' alike need a more realistic image of science. The traditional mode of research, academic science, is not just a 'method': it is a distinctive culture, whose members win esteem and employment by making public their findings. Fierce competition for credibility is strictly regulated by established practices such as peer review. Highly specialized international communities of independent experts form spontaneously and generate the type of knowledge we call 'scientific' - systematic, theoretical, empirically-tested, quantitative, and so on. Ziman shows that these familiar 'philosophical' features of scientific knowledge are inseparable from the ordinary cognitive capabilities and peculiar social relationships of its producers. This wide-angled close-up of the natural and human sciences recognizes their unique value, whilst revealing the limits of their rationality, reliability, and universal applicability. It also shows how, for better or worse, the new 'po

Scientists and 'anti-scientists' alike need a more realistic image of science. The traditional mode of research, academic science, is not just a 'method': it is a distinctive culture, whose members win esteem and employment by making public their findings. Fierce competition for credibility is strictly regulated by established practices such as peer review. Highly specialized international communities of independent experts form spontaneously and generate the type of knowledge we call 'scientific' - systematic, theoretical, empirically-tested, quantitative, and so on. Ziman shows that these familiar 'philosophical' features of scientific knowledge are inseparable from the ordinary cognitive capabilities and peculiar social relationships of its producers. This wide-angled close-up of the natural and human sciences recognizes their unique value, whilst revealing the limits of their rationality, reliability, and universal applicability. It also shows how, for better or worse, the new 'po

In this collection of essays one of the preeminent philosophers of science writing offers a reinterpretation of the enduring significance of logical positivism, the revolutionary philosophical movement centered around the Vienna Circle in the 1920s and 30s. Michael Friedman argues that the logical positivists were radicals not by presenting a new version of empiricism (as is often thought to be the case) but rather by offering a new conception of a priori knowledge and its role in empirical knowledge. This collection will be mandatory reading for any philosopher or historian of science interested in the history of logical positivism in particular or the evolution of modern philosophy in general.

This book explains how to plan, execute, analyse and write up an experiment. Experimentation is an essential part of science and engineering, being both the basis of discovery in science and an integral part of engineering development. The authors' aim is to provide instruction in how to perform a systematic experiment from its conception and design through to the communication of results. The text opens by laying the ground rules for the planning of an experiment, moving on to a description of measurement techniques and statistical analysis of results. An important feature of the book is the inclusion of a chapter on the interfacing of experimental equipment to microcomputers.

This book is concerned with techniques for formal theorem-proving, with particular reference to Cambridge LCF (Logic for Computable Functions). Cambridge LCF is a computer program for reasoning about computation. It combines the methods of mathematical logic with domain theory, the basis of the denotational approach to specifying the meaning of program statements. Cambridge LCF is based on an earlier theorem-proving system, Edinburgh LCF, which introduced a design that gives the user flexibility to use and extend the system. A goal of this book is to explain the design, which has been adopted in several other systems. The book consists of two parts. Part I outlines the mathematical preliminaries, elementary logic and domain theory, and explains them at an intuitive level, giving reference to more advanced reading; Part II provides sufficient detail to serve as a reference manual for Cambridge LCF. It will also be a useful guide for implementors of other programs based on the LCF approa

A leading British intellectual of the Victorian era, William Whewell (1794-1866) was a contemporary and adviser of Herschel, Darwin and Faraday. A geologist, astronomer, theologian and Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, he was best known for his works on moral philosophy and the history and philosophy of science, and for coining, among others, the term 'scientist'. This book, originally published in 1833, is one of a series of treatises published with the help of a legacy from the Earl of Bridgewater (d.1829), intended to contribute to an understanding of the world as created by God. Though an advocate of religion, Whewell accepts that progress in science leads to an understanding of the laws and processes of the natural world. He argues, however, that ultimately the scientific understanding of creation, astronomy, and the laws of the universe only serves to confirm the idea of a divine designer.

In the first comprehensive study of how Shakespeare designed his plays to suit his playing company, Brett Gamboa demonstrates how Shakespeare turned his limitations to creative advantage, and how doubling roles suited his unique sense of the dramatic. By attending closely to their dramaturgical structures, Gamboa analyses casting requirements for the plays Shakespeare wrote for the company between 1594 and 1610, and describes how using the embedded casting patterns can enhance their thematic and theatrical potential. Drawing on historical records, dramatic theory, and contemporary performance this innovative work questions received ideas about early modern staging and provides scholars and contemporary theatre practitioners with a valuable guide to understanding how casting can help facilitate audience engagement. Supported by an appendix of speculative doubling charts for plays, illustrations, and online resources, this is a major contribution to the understanding of Shakespeare's dra

In the first comprehensive study of how Shakespeare designed his plays to suit his playing company, Brett Gamboa demonstrates how Shakespeare turned his limitations to creative advantage, and how doubling roles suited his unique sense of the dramatic. By attending closely to their dramaturgical structures, Gamboa analyses casting requirements for the plays Shakespeare wrote for the company between 1594 and 1610, and describes how using the embedded casting patterns can enhance their thematic and theatrical potential. Drawing on historical records, dramatic theory, and contemporary performance this innovative work questions received ideas about early modern staging and provides scholars and contemporary theatre practitioners with a valuable guide to understanding how casting can help facilitate audience engagement. Supported by an appendix of speculative doubling charts for plays, illustrations, and online resources, this is a major contribution to the understanding of Shakespeare's dra

The core of scientific computing is designing, writing, testing, debugging and modifying numerical software for application to a vast range of areas: from graphics, meteorology and chemistry to engineering, biology and finance. Scientists, engineers and computer scientists need to write good code, for speed, clarity, flexibility and ease of re-use. Oliveira and Stewart's style guide for numerical software points out good practices to follow, and pitfalls to avoid. By following their advice, readers will learn how to write efficient software, and how to test it for bugs, accuracy and performance. Techniques are explained with a variety of programming languages, and illustrated with two extensive design examples, one in Fortran 90 and one in C++: other examples in C, C++, Fortran 90 and Java are scattered throughout the book. This manual of scientific computing style will be an essential addition to the bookshelf and lab of everyone who writes numerical software.

In this volume, originally published in 1990, are included papers presented at two meetings; one a workshop on Number Theory and Cryptography, and the other, the annual meeting of the Australian Mathematical Society. Questions in number theory are of military and commercial importance for the security of communication, as they are related to codes and code-breaking. Papers in the volume range from problems in pure mathematics whose study has been intensified by this connection, through interesting theoretical and combinatorial problems which arise in the implementation, to practical questions that come from banking and telecommunications. The contributors are prominent within their field. The whole volume will be an attractive purchase for all number theorists, 'pure' or 'applied'.

Welcome to Kittyopolis! Where cats rule and science is cool! Book 4 in the fur-ociously funny, secret super-hero graphic novel series with serious cat-itdue, for fans of Dog Man and Bunny vs Monkey.'Funny, furry and fantastic!' - Judd Winick, Author of the Hilo seriesWelcome to Kittyopolis! Where cats rule and science is cool! Book 4 in the fur-ociously funny, secret super-hero graphic novel series with serious cat-itdue, for fans of Dog Man and Bunny vs Monkey.'Funny, furry and fantastic!' - Judd Winick, Author of the Hilo seriesIt's a cat! It's a superhero! It's a . . . Taco Time Machine!?!?Uh-oh! Mindy's dad, Professor Microbe, is lost in the time space continuum! It's up to Max and Mindy to save him! But time is tricky once you start messing with it and - oops! - Max may have accidentally undone his and Mindy's very first meeting!That means no Space Meatball. No Science Kitty. No Cat Crusader. No best friends forever?!?! Ack! This time it's not just Kittyopolis that's in trouble, i

This book presents the salient features of the general theory of infinite electrical networks in a coherent exposition. Using the basic tools of functional analysis and graph theory, the author examines the fundamental developments in the field and discusses applications to other areas of mathematics. The first half of the book presents existence and uniqueness theorems for both infinite-power and finite-power voltage-current regimes, and the second half discusses methods for solving problems in infinite cascades and grids. A notable feature is the invention of transfinite networks, roughly analogous to Cantor's extension of the natural numbers to the transfinite ordinals. The last chapter is a survey of application to exterior problems of partial differential equations, random walks on infinite graphs, and networks of operators on Hilbert spaces.

This book presents the salient features of the general theory of infinite electrical networks in a coherent exposition. Using the basic tools of functional analysis and graph theory, the author examines the fundamental developments in the field and discusses applications to other areas of mathematics. The first half of the book presents existence and uniqueness theorems for both infinite-power and finite-power voltage-current regimes, and the second half discusses methods for solving problems in infinite cascades and grids. A notable feature is the invention of transfinite networks, roughly analogous to Cantor's extension of the natural numbers to the transfinite ordinals. The last chapter is a survey of application to exterior problems of partial differential equations, random walks on infinite graphs, and networks of operators on Hilbert spaces.

This 1997 book comprehensively describes all aspects of gravity flow, a physical process in the environment that is covered by many different disciplines, including meteorology, oceanography, the earth sciences and many industrial processes. No other book covers a similar range of information. This second edition includes much new material, and, like the first edition, the hardback has been very well received. Gravity currents are described with a variety of laboratory experiments, many from the author's own work. Now in paperback, Gravity Currents is a valuable supplementary textbook for undergraduates and a reference work for research workers. The general reader will also find much of interest, since the physics of the flows involved is clearly described, without advanced mathematics, by numerous photographs and illustrations.

Algebraic geometry is, essentially, the study of the solution of equations and occupies a central position in pure mathematics. This short and readable introduction to algebraic geometry will be ideal for all undergraduate mathematicians coming to the subject for the first time. With the minimum of prerequisites, Dr Reid introduces the reader to the basic concepts of algebraic geometry including: plane conics, cubics and the group law, affine and projective varieties, and non-singularity and dimension. He is at pains to stress the connections the subject has with commutative algebra as well as its relation to topology, differential geometry, and number theory. The book arises from an undergraduate course given at the University of Warwick and contains numerous examples and exercises illustrating the theory.

A page-turning, laugh-out-loud historical adventure by comedian and broadcaster Iszi Lawrence (as seen on Netflix and Sky History), perfect for fans of Horrible Histories.When Sunil and his scientist neighbour Alex almost fall out over a game of Monopoly, Alex jumps in her time machine to settle the rules once and for all – by asking none other than Elizabeth Magie, the inventor of Monopoly itself. When Elizabeth is horrified to learn that her anti-capitalist game is now a bestselling pastime, Alex starts to wonder if other inventors are happy with their work. On their mission for answers, Sunil and Alex meet Leonardo Da Vinci, inventor of the life raft Maria Beasely and the father of mathematics, Archimedes._______________The Time Machine Next Door is an exciting new series of quirky historical chapter books for readers aged 7-9, to be enjoyed as a series or as standalone stories. The series brings lesser-known parts of history to life with hilarious plots, real-life characters, fasci

Designed for introductory undergraduate courses in fluid mechanics for chemical engineers, this stand-alone textbook illustrates the fundamental concepts and analytical strategies in a rigorous and systematic, yet mathematically accessible manner. Using both traditional and novel applications, it examines key topics such as viscous stresses, surface tension, and the microscopic analysis of incompressible flows which enables students to understand what is important physically in a novel situation and how to use such insights in modeling. The many modern worked examples and end-of-chapter problems provide calculation practice, build confidence in analyzing physical systems, and help develop engineering judgment. The book also features a self-contained summary of the mathematics needed to understand vectors and tensors, and explains solution methods for partial differential equations. Including a full solutions manual for instructors available at www.cambridge.org/deen, this balanced text

This is a graduate text on turbulent flows, an important topic in fluid dynamics. It is up-to-date, comprehensive, designed for teaching, and is based on a course taught by the author at Cornell University for a number of years. The book consists of two parts followed by a number of appendices. Part I provides a general introduction to turbulent flows, how they behave, how they can be described quantitatively, and the fundamental physical processes involved. Part II is concerned with different approaches for modelling or simulating turbulent flows. The necessary mathematical techniques are presented in the appendices. This book is primarily intended as a graduate level text in turbulent flows for engineering students, but it may also be valuable to students in applied mathematics, physics, oceanography and atmospheric sciences, as well as researchers and practising engineers.

Enumerative combinatorics, in its algebraic and analytic forms, is vital to many areas of mathematics, from model theory to statistical mechanics. This book, which stems from many years' experience of teaching, invites students into the subject and prepares them for more advanced texts. It is suitable as a class text or for individual study. The author provides proofs for many of the theorems to show the range of techniques available, and uses examples to link enumerative combinatorics to other areas of study. The main section of the book introduces the key tools of the subject (generating functions and recurrence relations), which are then used to study the most important combinatorial objects, namely subsets, partitions, and permutations of a set. Later chapters deal with more specialised topics, including permanents, SDRs, group actions and the Redfield–Pólya theory of cycle indices, Möbius inversion, the Tutte polynomial, and species.

Enumerative combinatorics, in its algebraic and analytic forms, is vital to many areas of mathematics, from model theory to statistical mechanics. This book, which stems from many years' experience of teaching, invites students into the subject and prepares them for more advanced texts. It is suitable as a class text or for individual study. The author provides proofs for many of the theorems to show the range of techniques available, and uses examples to link enumerative combinatorics to other areas of study. The main section of the book introduces the key tools of the subject (generating functions and recurrence relations), which are then used to study the most important combinatorial objects, namely subsets, partitions, and permutations of a set. Later chapters deal with more specialised topics, including permanents, SDRs, group actions and the Redfield–Pólya theory of cycle indices, Möbius inversion, the Tutte polynomial, and species.

John William Donaldson's 1856 essay tackles the topic of university reform, a hotly debated political issue in his day. Donaldson presents a series of suggestions for the improvement of university teaching, and argues for the value of a classical education. Drawing upon his experience both as a headmaster and as a scholar at Trinity College, Cambridge, he considers himself well-placed to address the subject of education, maintaining that there are 'not many who can claim a better right to speak without one-sided prejudice and narrow-minded partiality to some hackneyed system'. He discusses many aspects of the subject, including the meaning of the term 'university', the college system at Cambridge University and the merits of studying classics in comparison to mathematics. Donaldson also addresses the class system, emphasising the need for all classes to be educated. This lively and approachable book foreshadows the debates of our own century.

Nonlinear elasticity is concerned with nonlinear effects associated with deformations of elastic bodies subjected to external forces or temperature variations. It has important applications in many areas, including the aerospace and rubber industries, and biomechanics. This book, written by a group of leading researchers invited especially for the purpose, provides an up-to-date and concise account of the fundamentals of the theory of nonlinear elasticity and a comprehensive review of several major current research directions in this important field. It combines the characteristics of coherence and detail found in standard treatises with the strength and freshness of research articles. The emphasis is placed firmly on coverage of modern topics and recent developments rather than on the very theoretical approach often found. The book will be an excellent reference source for both beginners and specialists in engineering, applied mathematics and physics. It is also ideally suited for gra

For the past four decades, geometric scaling of silicon CMOS transistors has enabled not only an exponential increase in circuit integration density - Moore's Law - but also a corresponding enhancement in the transistor performance. Simple MOSFET geometric scaling has driven the industry to date. However, as the transistor gate lengths drop below 35nm and the gate oxide thickness is reduced to 1nm, physical limitations such as off-state leakage current and power density make geometric scaling an increasingly challenging task. In order to continue CMOS device scaling, innovations in device structures and materials are required and the industry needs a new scaling vector. Starting at the 90 and 65nm technology generation, strained silicon has emerged as one such innovation. Other device structures such as multigate FETs may be introduced to meet the scaling challenge. This book shares results and physical models related to MOSFETs and to discuss innovative approaches necessary to conti

In 1959 C. P. Snow delivered his now-famous Rede Lecture, 'The Two Cultures,' a reflection on the academy based on the premise that intellectual life was divided into two cultures: the arts and humanities on one side and science on the other. Since then, a third culture, generally termed 'social science' and comprised of fields such as sociology, political science, economics, and psychology, has emerged. Jerome Kagan's book describes the assumptions, vocabulary, and contributions of each of these cultures and argues that the meanings of many of the concepts used by each culture are unique to it and do not apply to the others because the source of evidence for the term is special. The text summarizes the contributions of the social sciences and humanities to our understanding of human nature and questions the popular belief that biological processes are the main determinant of variation in human behavior.

In 1959 C. P. Snow delivered his now-famous Rede Lecture, 'The Two Cultures,' a reflection on the academy based on the premise that intellectual life was divided into two cultures: the arts and humanities on one side and science on the other. Since then, a third culture, generally termed 'social science' and comprised of fields such as sociology, political science, economics, and psychology, has emerged. Jerome Kagan's book describes the assumptions, vocabulary, and contributions of each of these cultures and argues that the meanings of many of the concepts used by each culture are unique to it and do not apply to the others because the source of evidence for the term is special. The text summarizes the contributions of the social sciences and humanities to our understanding of human nature and questions the popular belief that biological processes are the main determinant of variation in human behavior.

As the gateway to scientific thinking, an understanding of the scientific method is essential for success and productivity in science. This book is the first synthesis of the practice and the philosophy of the scientific method. It will enable scientists to be better scientists by offering them a deeper understanding of the underpinnings of the scientific method, thereby leading to more productive research and experimentation. It will also give scientists a more accurate perspective on the rationality of the scientific approach and its role in society. Beginning with a discussion of today's 'science wars' and science's presuppositions, the book then explores deductive and inductive logic, probability, statistics, and parsimony, and concludes with an examination of science's powers and limits, and a look at science education. Topics relevant to a variety of disciplines are treated, and clarifying figures, case studies, and chapter summaries enhance the pedagogy. This adeptly executed, c

With the advent of the Human Genome Project there have been many claims for the genetic origins of complex human behavior including insanity, criminality, and intelligence. But what does it really mean to call something 'genetic'? This is the fundamental question that Sahotra Sarkar's book addresses. The author analyses the nature of reductionism in classical and molecular genetics. He shows that there are two radically different kinds of reductionist explanation: genetic reduction (as found in classical genetics) and physical reduction (found in molecular genetics). This important book clarifies the meaning of the term 'genetic', shows how molecular studies have affected genetics, and provides the philosophical background necessary to understand the debates over the Human Genome Project. It will be of particular interest to professionals and students in the philosophy of science, the history of science, and the social studies of science, medicine, and technology.

This book examines the Argonautica of Apollonius of Rhodes through one aspect of its relationship with other texts. The particular intertextual relationship examined is that with the Histories of Herodotus, focusing on the presence of the latter text in the former in terms of the poem's employment of characteristics and features of historiographical discourse, narrative structures, presentation and description of characters, aetiology and patterns of explanation, portrayal of ethnic groups, depiction of kingship and tyranny; the relationship between particular passages in both texts is also explored. The consequences for the interpretation of the poem are profound: the Argonautica employs Herodotean historiography as a key intertext in order to manipulate and frustrate the reader's generic expectations for an epic poem and to complicate the relationship between the contemporary Hellenistic Mediterranean (and its kingdoms) and the distant mythological Argonautic past.

This practical book is designed for applied researchers who want to use mixed models with their data. It discusses the basic principles of mixed model analysis, including two-level and three-level structures, and covers continuous outcome variables, dichotomous outcome variables, and categorical and survival outcome variables. Emphasizing interpretation of results, the book develops the most important applications of mixed models, such as the study of group differences, longitudinal data analysis, multivariate mixed model analysis, IPD meta-analysis, and mixed model predictions. All examples are analyzed with STATA, and an extensive overview and comparison of alternative software packages is provided. All datasets used in the book are available for download, so readers can re-analyze the examples to gain a strong understanding of the methods. Although most examples are taken from epidemiological and clinical studies, this book is also highly recommended for researchers working in other

This practical book is designed for applied researchers who want to use mixed models with their data. It discusses the basic principles of mixed model analysis, including two-level and three-level structures, and covers continuous outcome variables, dichotomous outcome variables, and categorical and survival outcome variables. Emphasizing interpretation of results, the book develops the most important applications of mixed models, such as the study of group differences, longitudinal data analysis, multivariate mixed model analysis, IPD meta-analysis, and mixed model predictions. All examples are analyzed with STATA, and an extensive overview and comparison of alternative software packages is provided. All datasets used in the book are available for download, so readers can re-analyze the examples to gain a strong understanding of the methods. Although most examples are taken from epidemiological and clinical studies, this book is also highly recommended for researchers working in other

This book describes the tectonic landforms resulting from major internal and external forces acting on the outer layers of solid bodies throughout the Solar System. It presents a detailed survey of tectonic structures at a range of length scales found on Mercury, Venus, the Moon, Mars, the outer planet satellites, and asteroids. A diverse range of models for the sources of tectonic stresses acting on silicate and icy crusts is outlined, comparing processes acting throughout the Solar System. Rheological and mechanical properties of planetary crusts and lithospheres are discussed to understand how and why tectonic stresses manifest themselves differently on various bodies. Results from fault population data are assessed in detail. The book provides methods for mapping and analysing planetary tectonic features, and is illustrated with diagrams and spectacular images returned by manned and robotic spacecraft. It forms an essential reference for researchers and students in planetary geolog

This book describes the tectonic landforms resulting from major internal and external forces acting on the outer layers of solid bodies throughout the Solar System. It presents a detailed survey of tectonic structures at a range of length scales found on Mercury, Venus, the Moon, Mars, the outer planet satellites, and asteroids. A diverse range of models for the sources of tectonic stresses acting on silicate and icy crusts is outlined, comparing processes acting throughout the Solar System. Rheological and mechanical properties of planetary crusts and lithospheres are discussed to understand how and why tectonic stresses manifest themselves differently on various bodies. Results from fault population data are assessed in detail. The book provides methods for mapping and analysing planetary tectonic features, and is illustrated with diagrams and spectacular images returned by manned and robotic spacecraft. It forms an essential reference for researchers and students in planetary geolog

Extragalactic jets provide the direct observational evidence for a connection between supermassive black holes and their surrounding cosmic environments. They deliver the energy released by an accreting black hole across large distances and impact the formation and evolution of surrounding structures, carrying information about the black hole's power, spin, accretion state and characteristic timescales. IAU Symposium 313 brings together observational astronomers working across the electromagnetic spectrum with theorists, to investigate our understanding of the physics of relativistic jets. They address questions on topics such as: unification scenarios for blazars and radio galaxies, the interactions between jets and their environments, jet composition and structure, the role of magnetic fields, mechanisms of particle acceleration, high-energy emissions, and the scaling of physical jet phenomena with black-hole mass, from extragalactic to galactic sources. This volume benefits observer

This book mainly describes the basic concepts, fundamental theories and standard methods in essential Calculus of one single variable. It is written in English. The content is compact, popular and concise. Various types of examples and exercises have been devised in each section and chapter. The emphasis is on the fundamental computational abilities, especially the normal computation methods used in Calculus and subsequent courses. The main contents of this book includes Functions and Limits, Differentiation of Functions of One Single Variable, Integrals of Functions of One Single Variable and Applications of Integration, Differential Equations and Infinite Series. This book can serve as a textbook in English of essential Calculus taken by nonmathematics major students and international students, and is also suitable for other readers for reference purposes.

This marvelous boxed set features not just two, not just three, but SIX of Stink's adventures--perfect as an introduction to the series or a gift for a committed fan. Stink Moody: fact freak, science

Discover the wackiest facts about animals and their farts - and the scintillating science behind it!Hold your nose for the latest batch of wacky animal facts in The Farts That Animals Parp! Try not to

The adult-oriented science-fiction cartoon series Rick and Morty, shown on Cartoon Network as part of its late-night Adult Swim feature, is famous for its nihilistic anti-hero Rick Sanchez. Rick is a

The new science fantasy action horror film written for the screen and directed by Alex Garland based on the book of the same name by Jeff VanderMeer and starring Natalie Portman.Released on the 23rd F

Completely revised and expanded for the current MCAT, the new Barron's MCAT test prep manual provides test takers with an in-depth, easy-to-use science review and a set of often-neglected but critical

Discover the fascinating and cutting-edge science behind the greatest question of all: is there life beyond Earth? For millennia, we have looked up at the stars and wondered whether we are alone in th