Methods

The most non-trivial of the established microscopic theories of physics is QCD: the theory of the strong interaction. A critical link between theory and experiment is provided by the methods of perturbative QCD, notably the well-known factorization theorems. Giving an accurate account of the concepts, theorems and their justification, this book is a systematic treatment of perturbative QCD. As well as giving a mathematical treatment, the book relates the concepts to experimental data, giving strong motivations for the methods. It also examines in detail transverse-momentum-dependent parton densities, an increasingly important subject not normally treated in other books. Ideal for graduate students starting their work in high-energy physics, it will also interest experienced researchers wanting a clear account of the subject.

A comprehensive manual on the efficient modeling and analysis of photonic devices through building numerical codes, this book provides graduate students and researchers with the theoretical background and MATLAB programs necessary for them to start their own numerical experiments. Beginning by summarizing topics in optics and electromagnetism, the book discusses optical planar waveguides, linear optical fiber, the propagation of linear pulses, laser diodes, optical amplifiers, optical receivers, finite-difference time-domain method, beam propagation method and some wavelength division devices, solitons, solar cells and metamaterials. Assuming only a basic knowledge of physics and numerical methods, the book is ideal for engineers, physicists and practising scientists. It concentrates on the operating principles of optical devices, as well as the models and numerical methods used to describe them.

A handy beginner's guide, this textbook introduces the various stages of linguistic fieldwork, from the preparation of the work to the presentation of the results. Drawing on over forty years of fieldwork experience between them, in over two dozen languages, the authors pack the book with examples and anecdotes from their experiences and include practical exercises for students to test what they have learned. Independent of any particular perspective, the methods can be applied to a wide range of fieldwork settings, for projects with very different theoretical backgrounds and without the need to travel too far. The book covers 'traditional fieldwork' such as language description and documentation, as well as less typical methods, including language contact and quantitative studies with experiments or questionnaires.

A handy beginner's guide, this textbook introduces the various stages of linguistic fieldwork, from the preparation of the work to the presentation of the results. Drawing on over forty years of fieldwork experience between them, in over two dozen languages, the authors pack the book with examples and anecdotes from their experiences and include practical exercises for students to test what they have learned. Independent of any particular perspective, the methods can be applied to a wide range of fieldwork settings, for projects with very different theoretical backgrounds and without the need to travel too far. The book covers 'traditional fieldwork' such as language description and documentation, as well as less typical methods, including language contact and quantitative studies with experiments or questionnaires.

This 1961 book presents a concise and systematic treatment of two-dimensional subsonic, inviscid fluid motion and its aeronautical applications. Part I surveys the relevant fluid dynamics, assuming only a basic knowledge of the topic. In Part II, the methods of conformal mapping and Cauchy integrals are developed, on the assumption that the reader has only an elementary understanding of complex variable theory; this will be of interest to a wide range of applied mathematicians and engineers. In Part III, the methods are applied to several problems in fluid mechanics and aero dynamics. The text provides an extensive account of mixed boundary-value problems and treats such examples of these problems as occur in ventilated wind-tunnel theory, jet-flap theory and unsteady Hemholtz motions.

The most non-trivial of the established microscopic theories of physics is QCD: the theory of the strong interaction. A critical link between theory and experiment is provided by the methods of perturbative QCD, notably the well-known factorization theorems. Giving an accurate account of the concepts, theorems and their justification, this book is a systematic treatment of perturbative QCD. As well as giving a mathematical treatment, the book relates the concepts to experimental data, giving strong motivations for the methods. It also examines in detail transverse-momentum-dependent parton densities, an increasingly important subject not normally treated in other books. Ideal for graduate students starting their work in high-energy physics, it will also interest experienced researchers wanting a clear account of the subject.

Born Alphonse Louis Constant, French magician Éliphas Lévi (1810–75) wrote prolifically on the occult sciences. This highly popular two-volume treatise on practical magic attempts to initiate the reader into the mysteries of occult philosophy. Identifying magic as the 'nurse or godmother' of all intellectual forces, Lévi proclaims his firm belief in man as microcosm of the universe, the strength of human willpower and the effectiveness of sympathetic magic. This first volume, 'The Doctrine of Transcendental Magic', establishes Lévi's own philosophical approach to the theory of magic, detailing the various methods of accessing esoteric knowledge of the universe through supernatural methods. Beginning with the ancient origins of occult philosophy and influence, Lévi chronicles the history of magic, including transmutations, black magic, bewitchments, astrology, divination and alchemy.

For many nations, a key challenge is how to achieve sustainable development without a return to centralized planning. Using case studies from Greenland, Hawaii and northern Norway, this 2006 book examines whether 'bottom-up' systems such as customary law can play a critical role in achieving viable systems for managing natural resources. Customary law consists of underlying social norms that may become the acknowledged law of the land. The key to determining whether a custom constitutes customary law is whether the public acts as if the observance of the custom is legally obligated. While the use of customary law does not always produce sustainability, the study of customary methods of resource management can produce valuable insights into methods of managing resources in a sustainable way.

The introduction of femtosecond pulse lasers has provided numerous new methods for non-destructive diagnostic analysis of biological samples. This book is the first to provide a focused and systematic treatment of femtosecond biophotonic methods. Each chapter combines theory, practice and applications, walking the reader through imaging, manipulation and fabrication techniques. Beginning with an explanation of nonlinear and multiphoton microscopy, subsequent chapters address the techniques for optical trapping and the development of laser tweezers. In a conclusion that brings together the various topics of the book, the authors discuss the growing field of femtosecond micro-engineering. The wide range of applications for femtosecond biophotonics means this book will appeal to researchers and practitioners in the fields of biomedical engineering, biophysics, life sciences and medicine.

Noncircular Gears: Design and Generation represents the extension of the modern theory of gearing applied to the design and manufacture of the main types of noncircular gears: conventional and modified elliptical gears, eccentric gears, oval gears, gears with lobes, and twisted gears. This book is enhanced by updated theoretical description of the methods of generation of noncircular gears by enveloping methods similar to those applied to the generation of circular gears. Noncircular Gears: Design and Generation also offers new developments directed to extend the application of noncircular gears for output speed variation and generation of functions. Numerous numerical examples show the application of the developed theory. This book aims to extend the application of noncircular gear drives in mechanisms and industry.

How can we make sure that the software we build does what it is supposed to? This book provides an insight into established techniques which help developers to overcome the complexity of software development by constructing models of software systems in early design stages. It uses one of the leading formal methods, VDM (Vienna Development Method), and combines training in the formalism with industry-strength tool support and examples derived from real industrial applications. The principles taught here also apply to many of the current generation of formal methods. This second edition has been updated to include advanced online tool support for formal modelling as well as up-to-date reports on real commercial applications in areas as diverse as business information systems and firmware design.

Vibration problems arise in the design of almost all engineering machinery and structures. Many of these problems are extremely complex but their solution is essential if a safe and satisfactory design is to be achieved. The equations of motion are often insoluble by the classical methods of the calculus and so it is necessary to approximate on order to reduce them to a set of linear equations. The use of matrices simplifies the solution of sets of linear equations. This book describes the matrix formulation of the equations of motion and techniques for the solution of matrix equations. The book describes some typical computer methods and also includes a large number of problems (with solutions) which may conveniently be solved by using a desk calculating machine.

Why is feminist research carried out in international relations (IR)? What are the methodologies and methods that have been developed in order to carry out this research? Feminist Methodologies for International Relations offers students and scholars of IR, feminism, and global politics practical insight into the innovative methodologies and methods that have been developed - or adapted from other disciplinary contexts - in order to do feminist research for IR. Both timely and timeless, this volume makes a diverse range of feminist methodological reflections wholly accessible. Each of the twelve contributors discusses aspects of the relationships between ontology, epistemology, methodology, and method, and how they inform and shape their research. This important and original contribution to the field will both guide and stimulate new thinking.

Why is feminist research carried out in international relations (IR)? What are the methodologies and methods that have been developed in order to carry out this research? Feminist Methodologies for International Relations offers students and scholars of IR, feminism, and global politics practical insight into the innovative methodologies and methods that have been developed - or adapted from other disciplinary contexts - in order to do feminist research for IR. Both timely and timeless, this volume makes a diverse range of feminist methodological reflections wholly accessible. Each of the twelve contributors discusses aspects of the relationships between ontology, epistemology, methodology, and method, and how they inform and shape their research. This important and original contribution to the field will both guide and stimulate new thinking.

This book describes the various methods currently used to deposit highly ordered organic films, and the physical techniques employed in characterising their properties. Such films are the subject of a great deal of research, motivated by their potential application in micro-electronics. Beginning with a discussion of the necessary basic physics and chemistry, the book proceeds to a description of the main topics of current research in this field. The Langmuir–Blodgett technique, self-assembly, and methods of film deposition exploiting the ordered structure of mesophases are described in detail. Liquid crystals, films at the air/water interface and biomembranes are also discussed. The book is aimed at those graduate students and established research workers with an interest in the physics and chemistry of these fascinating structures.

The second part of this two-volume set contains advanced aspects of the quantitative theory of the dynamics of neurons. It begins with an introduction to the effects of reversal potentials on response to synaptic input. It then develops the theory of action potential generation based on the seminal Hodgkin-Huxley equations and gives methods for their solution in the space-clamped and non-space-clamped cases. The remainder of the book discusses stochastic models of neural activity and ends with a statistical analysis of neuronal data with emphasis on spike trains. The mathematics is more complex in this volume than in the first volume and involves numerical methods of solution of partial differential equations and the statistical analysis of point processes.

The Quantum Theory of Fields, first published in 1996, is a self-contained, comprehensive introduction to quantum field theory from Nobel Laureate Steven Weinberg. Volume II gives an account of the methods of quantum field theory, and how they have led to an understanding of the weak, strong, and electromagnetic interactions of the elementary particles. The presentation of modern mathematical methods is throughout interwoven with accounts of the problems of elementary particle physics and condensed matter physics to which they have been applied. Many topics are included that are not usually found in books on quantum field theory. The book is peppered with examples and insights from the author's experience as a leader of elementary particle physics. Exercises are included at the end of each chapter.

Astronomy Methods, first published in 2003, is an introduction to the basic practical tools, methods and phenomena that underlie quantitative astronomy. Taking a technical approach, the author covers a rich diversity of topics across all branches of astronomy, from radio to gamma-ray wavelengths. Topics include the quantitative aspects of the electromagnetic spectrum, atmospheric and interstellar absorption, telescopes in all wavebands, interferometry, adaptive optics, the transport of radiation through matter to form spectral lines, and neutrino and gravitational-wave astronomy. Clear, systematic presentations of the topics are accompanied by diagrams and problem sets. Written for undergraduates and graduate students, this book contains a wealth of information that is required for the practice and study of quantitative and analytical astronomy and astrophysics.

This book presents the concepts, methods and applications of kinetic theory to rarefied gas dynamics. After introducing the basic tools, problems in plane geometry are treated using approximation techniques (perturbation and numerical methods). These same techniques are later used to deal with two- and three-dimensional problems. The models include not only monatomic but also polyatomic gases, mixtures, chemical reactions. A special chapter is devoted to evaporation and condensation phenomena. Each section is accompanied by problems which are mainly intended to demonstrate the use of the material in the text and to outline additional subjects, results and equations. This will help ensure that the book can be used for a range of graduate courses in aerospace engineering or applied mathematics.

This book presents the concepts, methods and applications of kinetic theory to rarefied gas dynamics. After introducing the basic tools, problems in plane geometry are treated using approximation techniques (perturbation and numerical methods). These same techniques are later used to deal with two- and three-dimensional problems. The models include not only monatomic but also polyatomic gases, mixtures, chemical reactions. A special chapter is devoted to evaporation and condensation phenomena. Each section is accompanied by problems which are mainly intended to demonstrate the use of the material in the text and to outline additional subjects, results and equations. This will help ensure that the book can be used for a range of graduate courses in aerospace engineering or applied mathematics.

The Quantum Theory of Fields, first published in 1996, is a self-contained, comprehensive introduction to quantum field theory from Nobel Laureate Steven Weinberg. Volume II gives an account of the methods of quantum field theory, and how they have led to an understanding of the weak, strong, and electromagnetic interactions of the elementary particles. The presentation of modern mathematical methods is throughout interwoven with accounts of the problems of elementary particle physics and condensed matter physics to which they have been applied. Many topics are included that are not usually found in books on quantum field theory. The book is peppered with examples and insights from the author's experience as a leader of elementary particle physics. Exercises are included at the end of each chapter.

Over the last two years, wavelet methods have shown themselves to be of considerable use to harmonic analysts and, in particular, advances have been made concerning their applications. The strength of wavelet methods lies in their ability to describe local phenomena more accurately than a traditional expansion in sines and cosines can. Thus, wavelets are ideal in many fields where an approach to transient behaviour is needed, for example, in considering acoustic or seismic signals, or in image processing. Yves Meyer stands the theory of wavelets firmly upon solid ground by basing his book on the fundamental work of Calderón, Zygmund and their collaborators. For anyone who would like an introduction to wavelets, this book will prove to be a necessary purchase.

This book describes the various methods currently used to deposit highly ordered organic films, and the physical techniques employed in characterising their properties. Such films are the subject of a great deal of research, motivated by their potential application in micro-electronics. Beginning with a discussion of the necessary basic physics and chemistry, the book proceeds to a description of the main topics of current research in this field. The Langmuir–Blodgett technique, self-assembly, and methods of film deposition exploiting the ordered structure of mesophases are described in detail. Liquid crystals, films at the air/water interface and biomembranes are also discussed. The book is aimed at those graduate students and established research workers with an interest in the physics and chemistry of these fascinating structures.

The second part of this two-volume set contains advanced aspects of the quantitative theory of the dynamics of neurons. It begins with an introduction to the effects of reversal potentials on response to synaptic input. It then develops the theory of action potential generation based on the seminal Hodgkin-Huxley equations and gives methods for their solution in the space-clamped and non-space-clamped cases. The remainder of the book discusses stochastic models of neural activity and ends with a statistical analysis of neuronal data with emphasis on spike trains. The mathematics is more complex in this volume than in the first volume and involves numerical methods of solution of partial differential equations and the statistical analysis of point processes.

It is the aim of this book to take undergraduates in science and engineering to an acceptable level of competence in network analysis. The author assumes no previous knowledge of the subject. The book starts from basic physical ideas and progresses through essential network laws and theorems to Fourier and Laplace transform methods of analysing transient and steady-state problems. Traditional transient and alternating-current theory is covered prior to introducing transform methods, since the author believes that the gain in physical insight from such an approach is invaluable. Throughout, the relevance of the analysis to practical electric and electronic circuits is stressed. This book will be of value to students in universities and polytechnics in physics and electrical and electronics engineering departments.

It is the aim of this book to take undergraduates in science and engineering to an acceptable level of competence in network analysis. The author assumes no previous knowledge of the subject. The book starts from basic physical ideas and progresses through essential network laws and theorems to Fourier and Laplace transform methods of analysing transient and steady-state problems. Traditional transient and alternating-current theory is covered prior to introducing transform methods, since the author believes that the gain in physical insight from such an approach is invaluable. Throughout, the relevance of the analysis to practical electric and electronic circuits is stressed. This book will be of value to students in universities and polytechnics in physics and electrical and electronics engineering departments.

What does a therapy dog do? Can my dog do therapy work? How can I train my dog? What do I need to know? What problems am I likely to encounter? Love on a Leash gives you the tips, methods, and techniq

Distinguished physicist examines emotive significance of time, time order of mechanics, time direction of thermodynamics and microstatistics, time direction of macrostatistics, and time of quantum physics. Analytic methods of scientific philosophy in investigation of probability, quantum mechanics, theory of relativity, causality. 1971 edition.

The classic first book on defensive cardplay at bridge, covering the topic with clarity, skill and humor. More than fifty years after its first publication, this book has been revised and updated to bring it into line with modern methods of play and bridge education.

The classic first book on declarer play at bridge, covering the topic with clarity, skill and humor. More than fifty years after its first publication, this book has been revised and updated to bring it into line with modern methods of play and bridge education.

Feminist Intersectional Research Methodologies: Applications in the Social Sciences and Humanities is a multi-disciplinary volume in which emerging and established scholars present new feminist research methods and re-evaluates existing approaches.This collection examines how both new and established feminist methods address intersecting identities and structures of inequality including gender, race, sexuality, and class. Each chapter provides a case study of a methodology or methodologies that they have adopted, developed, or adapted within their field - including sociology, criminology, political science, history, literature, and performance studies. The volume articulates the importance of knowledge production that arises from the situated and lived experiences of individuals, groups, and communities. It discusses how we survive as feminists in today's neoliberal universities, and includes research on trans and nonbinary people, Indonesian history and the #MeToo movement, world-lite

A cognitive ethnography of how bioengineering scientists create innovative modeling methods.In this first full-scale, long-term cognitive ethnography by a philosopher of science, Nancy J. Nersessian offers an account of how scientists at the interdisciplinary frontiers of bioengineering create novel problem-solving methods. Bioengineering scientists model complex dynamical biological systems using concepts, methods, materials, and other resources drawn primarily from engineering. They aim to understand these systems sufficiently to control or intervene in them. What Nersessian examines here is how cutting-edge bioengineering scientists integrate the cognitive, social, material, and cultural dimensions of practice. Her findings and conclusions have broad implications for researchers in philosophy, science studies, cognitive science, and interdisciplinary studies, as well as scientists, educators, policy makers, and funding agencies. In studying the epistemic practices of scientists, Ner

This book mainly describes the basic concepts, fundamental theories and standard methods in essential Calculus of one single variable. It is written in English. The content is compact, popular and concise. Various types of examples and exercises have been devised in each section and chapter. The emphasis is on the fundamental computational abilities, especially the normal computation methods used in Calculus and subsequent courses. The main contents of this book includes Functions and Limits, Differentiation of Functions of One Single Variable, Integrals of Functions of One Single Variable and Applications of Integration, Differential Equations and Infinite Series. This book can serve as a textbook in English of essential Calculus taken by nonmathematics major students and international students, and is also suitable for other readers for reference purposes.

A new paradigm for scientific discovery through computational tools now permeates every aspect of astronomical research. Computational astrophysics combines modern computational methods, novel hardware designs, advanced algorithms, original software implementations, and associated technologies to discover new phenomena and to make predictions in astronomy. The proceedings of IAU Symposium 362 summarizes ongoing developments in computational astrophysics through astronomers in diverse fields sharing their knowledge and approaches. It focuses on computational methods applied to speed up and broaden the scope of scientific studies, such as finding trends in observational data, high performance computing, automated search algorithms, and model predictability. Experts discuss a palette of challenging informational and technical developments, with the goal of coordinating their efforts and the improvement of techniques in pursuit of a wide range of astronomical studies, including fluid dynam

Most systems involved in a chemical process plant are interactive multivariable systems, to control which, the transfer function matrix model is required. This lucid book considers the identification and control of such systems. It discusses open loop and closed loop identification methods, as well as the design of multivariable controllers based on steady state gain matrix. Simple methods for designing controllers based on transfer function matrix model have been reviewed. The design of controllers for non-square systems, and closed loop identification of multivariable unstable systems by the optimization method are also covered. Several simulation examples and exercise problems at the end of each chapter further help the reader consolidate the knowledge gained. This book will be useful to any engineering student, researcher or practitioner who works with interactive, multivariable control systems.

Empirical translation studies is a rapidly evolving research area. This volume, written by world-leading researchers, demonstrates the integration of two new research paradigms: socially-oriented and data driven approaches to empirical translation studies. These two models expand current translation studies and stimulate reader debates around how development of quantitative research methods and integration with advances in translation technologies would significantly increase the research capacities of translation studies. Highly engaging, the volume pioneers the development of socially-oriented innovative research methods to enhance the current research capacities of theoretical (descriptive) translation studies in order to tackle real-life research issues, such as environmental protection and multicultural health promotion. Illustrative case studies are used, bringing insight into advanced research methodologies of designing, developing and analysing large scale digital databases for

Optimization techniques are at the core of data science, including data analysis and machine learning. An understanding of basic optimization techniques and their fundamental properties provides important grounding for students, researchers, and practitioners in these areas. This text covers the fundamentals of optimization algorithms in a compact, self-contained way, focusing on the techniques most relevant to data science. An introductory chapter demonstrates that many standard problems in data science can be formulated as optimization problems. Next, many fundamental methods in optimization are described and analyzed, including: gradient and accelerated gradient methods for unconstrained optimization of smooth (especially convex) functions; the stochastic gradient method, a workhorse algorithm in machine learning; the coordinate descent approach; several key algorithms for constrained optimization problems; algorithms for minimizing nonsmooth functions arising in data science; found

Design and deploy advanced vibration protection systems based on elastic composites under post-buckling, with this essential reference. Methods for designing vibration protection systems with negative and quasi-zero stiffness are formulated, explained, and demonstrated in practice. All key steps of the system design are covered, including the type and number synthesis, modelling and studying of stress-strain state under post-buckling of elastic composite designs, chaotic dynamics and stability conditions, real-time dimensioning, and active motion control. In addition to coverage of underlying theory, the use in helicopters, buses, railroad vehicles, construction equipment and agricultural machinery are included. An excellent reference for researchers and practicing engineers, as well as a tutorial for university students and professors with an interest in study, development and application of alternative methods of vibration protection anywhere.

This two-volume work traces the development of series and products from 1380 to 2000 through the interconnected concepts and results of hundreds of unsung as well as celebrated mathematicians. Some chapters deal with the work of primarily one mathematician on a pivotal topic, and other chapters chronicle the progress over time of a given topic. This updated second edition of Sources in the Development of Mathematics adds extensive context, detail, and primary source material, with many sections rewritten to more clearly reveal the significance of key developments and arguments. Volume 1, accessible even to advanced undergraduate students, discusses the development of the fundamental methods in series and products that do not employ complex analytic methods or sophisticated machinery. Volume 2 deals with more recent and advanced results, such as Nevanlinna theory and deBranges' work.

Recent advances in statistical approaches called phylogenetic comparative methods (PCMs) have provided paleontologists with a powerful set of analytical tools for investigating evolutionary tempo and mode in fossil lineages. However, attempts to integrate PCMs with fossil data often present workers with practical challenges or unfamiliar literature. This Element presents guides to the theory behind and the application of PCMs with fossil taxa. Based on an empirical dataset of Paleozoic crinoids, example analyses are presented to illustrate common applications of PCMs to fossil data, including investigating patterns of correlated trait evolution and macroevolutionary models of morphological change. The authors emphasize the importance of accounting for sources of uncertainty and discuss how to evaluate model fit and adequacy. Finally, the authors discuss several promising methods for modeling heterogeneous evolutionary dynamics with fossil phylogenies. Integrating phylogeny-based approa