Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps, Compressors And Systems - Conventional And Hermetic Design

Based on the very successful German editions, this English version has been thoroughly updated and revised to reflect the developments of the last years and the latest innovations in the field.
Throughout, the author makes excellent use of real-life examples and highly praised didactics to disseminate his expert knowledge needed by vacuum technology users and engineers in their daily work at industrial plants, as consultants or in design offices. He covers in detail the most modern liquid ring pumps, with chapters dedicated to maintenance, explosion prevention and general procedures for safety at work with this technology. The whole is backed by a large repository of frequently needed technical data, unit conversions, formulae and current industrial, technical and legal norms without drawing on unnecessary complex or theoretical mathematics.
The result is the ideal hands-on introduction to vacuum technology, ranging from fundamentals to in-depth expert knowledge on liquid-ring vacuum pumps.

Helmut Bannwarth studied mechanical engineering at the Technical University of Ulm, Germany, completing his engineer's degree in 1963 with technical stream machines as subject.
He began his professional career at Escher Wyss AG in Zurich, Switzerland, as a project and calculations engineer for Kaplan, Francis and Pelton type turbines and pumping turbines for hydroelectric power stations. After additional qualification as a welding engineer, he returned to Germany in 1968 to take on a position at the joint companies Lederle GmbH, Freiburg, and Hermetic-Pumpen GmbH, Gundelfingen.
Since 1980 he has been General Sales Manager at the Lederle/Hermetic group, and is now also Authorized Representative for the company.
He has previously authored two very successful German editions of this book as well as contributing to the book Foundations of Vacuum Science and Technology edited by J. M. Lafferty, and has published numerous scientific papers on pumps and vacuum systems.

Foreword.
Preface.
Preface of the first edition in German language in 1991.
1 Gas Physics and Vacuum Technology.
1.1 The term “vacuum”.
1.2 Application of vacuum technology.
1.3 Operating ranges and measuring ranges of vacuum.
1.4 Gas flow and vacuum ranges.
1.5 Physical states of matter.
1.6 Mixtures of ideal gases.
1.7 Gas mixtures and their calculation.
1.8 Discharge of gases and vapors.
1.9 Change of gas state during the compression process.
1.10 Names and definitions in vacuum technology.
2 Machines for Vacuum Generation.
2.1 Overview of vacuum pumps.
2.2 Description of vacuum pumps and their functioning.
2.3 Operating fields of pumps acc. to suction pressure.
2.4 Suction pressure and suction capacity of different pump designs.
2.5 Usual designs and combinations of vacuum pumps.
2.6 Vacuum pump units and their control.
2.7 Names and definitions of vacuum pumps and their accessories.
3 Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps and Liquid Ring Compressors.
3.1 Liquid ring vacuum pumps and compressors with radial flow.
3.2 Liquid ring machines with axial flow.
3.3 The operating liquid.
3.4 The quantity of operating liquid.
3.5 The behavior of liquid ring vacuum pumps in case of liquid being carried simultaneously.
3.6 The carrying of contaminants.
3.7 The condensation effect.
3.8 Characteristic curves of liquid ring machines at different compression pressures and suction pressures.
3.9 The similarity law for liquid ring gas pumps.
3.10 Pump performance and power consumption of liquid ring machines.
3.11 Cavitation.
3.12 Cavitation protection.
3.13 Gas ejector in combination with the liquid ring vacuum pump.
3.14 Operating modes, supply of operating liquid.
3.15 Materials for liquid ring machines.
3.16 Sealing of liquid ring vacuum pumps and compressors.
3.17 Drives for liquid ring machines.
3.18 Compression of explosible gas-vapor mixtures with liquid ring compressors.
3.19 Safety standards for rotating machines.
3.20 Characteristics and fields of applications of liquid ring vacuum pumps and compressors.
4 Vacuum and Compressor Plants with Liquid Ring Machines.
4.1 Demands on pump systems in process engineering.
4.2 Basic combinations of liquid ring vacuum pumps and equipment in compact plants.
4.3 Control of liquid ring pumps and pump systems.
4.4 Pump unit designs and possibilities for the application of liquid ring machines with design examples.
4.5 Electric heating and insulation on pumps and plants.
4.6 Names and definitions – vacuum systems, components and equipment.
5 Components for Pump Units with Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps and Compressors.
5.1 General criteria.
5.2 Liquid separators.
5.3 Auxiliary appliances for vessels and pipework.
5.4 Gas cleaning devices.
5.5 Heat transfer devices.
5.6 Condensers.
5.7 Temperature controllers.
5.8 Flowmeters.
5.9 Shut-off instruments.
5.10 Check valves and ball check valves.
5.11 Safety valves.
5.12 Vacuum ventilation valves.
5.13 Flanges in vacuum technology.
5.14 Fast flange connections, small flange connections in vacuum technology.
5.15 Surface condition of sealing surfaces.
5.16 Sealing materials in vacuum technology.
5.17 Vacuum greases.
6 Design of Vacuum Pumps and Pipework.
6.1 Leakages in vacuum systems.
6.2 Evacuation time and suction capacity of the pump.
6.3 Determination of suction capacity of vacuum pumps from the leakage of the vessel.
6.4 Determination of the pump suction capacity according to the apparatus volume.
6.5 Vacuum loss of vessels with different designs.
6.6 Arithmetic determination of volume flows, mass flows and partial pressures.
6.7 Flow velocities of liquids, vapors and gases.
7 Assembly and Testing of Vacuum Pumps and Systems.
7.1 Installation of machines and devices.
7.2 Pipework.
7.3 Leakage tests and pressure tests of devices and pipework in the overpressure range.
7.4 Leak detection methods on components and plants in the range of vacuum and overpressure.
7.5 Acceptance and performance tests on liquid ring machines.
7.6 Electrical components and cables.
7.7 Insulation.
7.8 Putting into operation.
7.9 Closing down.
8 Materials, Surface Treatment and Safety-at-work in Vacuum Engineering.
8.1 Criteria for the selection of materials.
8.2 Surface treatment.
8.3 Health and safety protection at the workplace during maintenance and operation of vacuum plants.
9 Explosion Protection and Explosion-proof Electrical Equipment.
9.1 General.
9.2 Danger of explosion and measures to prevent the ignition of explosion-prone atmospheres.
9.3 Zoning of explosion-prone areas.
9.4 Classification of explosion-proof electrical equipment into the main groups I and II.
9.5 Ignition protection classes.
9.6 Temperature classes.
9.7 Standardized symbols for electrical equipment in explosion-prone areas acc. to EN 50014 to EN 50020.
9.8 Examples of explosion protection symbols.
9.9 Comparison of symbols for explosion protection and firedamp protection according to the old and new standard.
9.10 Protection classes acc. to DIN IEC 34, part 5/VDE 0530, part 5.
9.11 Motor power rating.
9.12 Three-phase A.C. motors in VIK-design.
9.13 “ATEX 100a” according to EU-Directive 94/9/EG Application for liquid ring vacuum pumps.
9.14 Regulations outside of CENELEC member states.
9.15 Electric motors for explosion-prone areas acc. to the American NEC-Rules.
9.16 Internationally common power supply systems.
10 Appendix.
10.1 International system of units (SI).
10.2 Units of measurement and their conversion.
10.3 Summary of physical and technical units.
10.4 National and international standards, recommendations and regulations.
10.5 Graphical symbols used in the vacuum and process technology.
10.6 Graphical symbols and call letters for measuring control and regulation (MCR) in process engineering.
10.7 Physical call values of liquids and gases.
10.8 Tables and diagrams.
Index.