Ground-Based Wireless Positioning

Ground Based Wireless Positioning provides an in-depth treatment of non-GPS based wireless positioning techniques, with a balance between theory and engineering practice. The book presents the architecture, design and testing of a variety of wireless positioning systems based on the time-of-arrival, signal strength, and angle-of-arrival measurements. These techniques are essential for developing accurate wireless positioning systems which can operate reliably in both indoor and outdoor environments where the Global Positioning System (GPS) proves to be inadequate. The book covers a wide range of issues including radio propagation, parameter identification, statistical signal processing, optimization, and localization in large and multi-hop networks. A comprehensive study on the state-of-the-art techniques and methodologies in wireless positioning and tracking is provided, including anchor-based and anchor-free localisation in wireless sensor networks (WSN). The authors address real world issues such as multipath, non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation, accuracy limitations and measurement errors.
Presenting the latest advances in the field, Ground Based Wireless Positioning is one of the first books to cover non-GPS based technologies for wireless positioning. It serves as an indispensable reference for researchers and engineers specialising in the fields of localization and tracking, and wireless sensor networks.
Provides a comprehensive treatment of methodologies and algorithms for positioning and tracking
Includes practical issues and case studies in designing real wireless positioning systems
Explains non-line-of-sight (NLOS) radio propagation and NLOS mitigation techniques
Balances solid theory with engineering practice of non-GPS wireless systems

Dr Kegen Yu received a BEng degree from Jilin University, China, a MEng degree from the Australian National University, Australia, and a PhD degree from the University of Sydney, Australia, in 1983, 1999 and 2003 respectively. From 1983 to 1997 he worked as a practicing engineer and later a lecturer at Nanchang University, China. From 2003 to 2005 he was employed as a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Finland, researching on wireless positioning and communications theory. Since November 2005 he has served as a Research Scientist at CSIRO working on ad hoc wireless positioning systems, wireless sensor networks and reconfigurable radio. Kegen has published three book chapters, and over 40 refereed journal and conference papers.
Ian Sharp is a Senior Consultant on wireless positioning systems. He has over 30 years of engineering experience in radio systems. His initial involvement in positioning technology was in aviation and later, in the 1980s, with the Interscan microwave landing system (MLS). In the later 1980s to the early 1990s, Ian was the R&D manager for the Quiktrak covert vehicle tracking system. This system is now commercially operating worldwide. From the mid 1990s to 2007 Ian worked at the CSIROmainly on developing experimental radio systems. Hewas the inventor and architect designer of CSIRO’s precision location system (PLS) for sports applications. The PLS has been successfully trialed in Australia and the USA. Ian holds a number of patents relating to positioning technology.
Professor Y Jay Guo is the Director of the Wireless Technologies Laboratory and Theme Leader of Broadband for Australia in the CSIRO ICT Centre, Australia. Prior to this appointment in August 2005, Jay held various senior positions in the European wireless industry managing the development of advanced technologies for the third-generation (3G) mobile communications systems. Jay has over 20 years of industrial and academic experience in antennas, signal processing and wireless networks. He has published three technical books and over 100 scientific papers in top-tier research journals and at international conferences. He holds 12 patents in wireless technologies. He is a Fellow of IET, Adjunct Professor at Macquarie University, Australia, and Guest Professor at the Chinese Academy of Science (CAS).

About the Authors.
Preface.
Acknowledgments.
1 Introduction.
1.1 Introduction to Radio Positioning.
1.2 Short and Medium-range Radiolocation Technologies.
1.3 Overview of the Book.
References.
2 Radio Propagation.
2.1 Statistical Multipath Theory.
2.2 Radio Propagation Characteristics at Different Distance Scales.
2.3 Measurements.
2.4 Excess Delays in Radio Propagation.
2.5 Antenna Effects.
References.
3 Signal Detection by Correlation.
3.1 Transmitter Signal.
3.2 Receiver Signal Processing.
References.
4 Bandlimited Time-of-Arrival Measurements.
4.1 Wideband Multipath Theorem.
4.2 Bandlimited Correlogram Characteristics.
4.3 Model of Bandlimited Correlogram.
4.4 Peak-Tracking Algorithm Performance.
4.5 Leading-edge Projection Tracking Algorithm.
4.6 Leading-edge Ratio Algorithm.
4.7 Multipath Phase.
4.8 Performance Summary of Tracking Algorithms.
References.
5 Fundamentals of Positioning Systems.
5.1 Navigation Systems and Tracking Systems.
5.2 System Architecture.
5.3 Overview of Position Determination.
5.4 Indoor Performance Issues.
References.
6 Noniterative Position Determination.
6.1 Basic Positioning Methods.
6.2 Linearization-Based Least-Squares Methods.
6.3 Spherical Interpolation Approach.
6.4 Quasi-Least-Squares Solution.
6.5 Linear-Correction Least-Squares Approach.
References.
7 Iterative Position Determination.
7.1 Iterative Algorithms.
7.2 Filtering-based Methods.
7.3 Data Smoothing.
References.
8 Positioning Accuracy Evaluation.
8.1 Accuracy Measures.
8.2 Cramer–Rao Lower Bound in Line-of-Sight Conditions.
8.3 Derivation of Cramer–Rao Lower Bound in Non-Line-of-Sight Conditions.
8.4 Approximate Variance of Linear Least-Squares Algorithm.
8.5 Accuracy Comparison.
Annex 8.A: Components of the Fisher Information Matrix.
References.
9 Geometric Dilution of Precision Analysis.
9.1 Geometric Error Analysis.
9.2 Statistical Error Analysis.
9.3 Calculation of Geometric Dilution of Precision.
9.4 Accuracy Probabilities.
9.5 Special Cases: Analytical Solutions to Geometric Dilution of Precision.
9.6 Geometric Dilution of Precision Performance.
References.
10 Multipath Mitigation.
10.1 Residual-Weighting-based Method.
10.2 Filtering-based Method.
10.3 Constrained Optimization.
10.4 Scatterer-based Method.
10.5 Error Statistics.
10.6 Propagation-Model-based Method.
10.7 Pattern Matching.
10.8 Performance Analysis.
Annex 10.A: Sequential Quadratic Programming Algorithm.
Annex 10.B: Equation Coefficients.
References.
11 Anchor-based Localization for Wireless Sensor Networks.
11.1 Characteristics of Wireless Sensor Networks.
11.2 Coarse Localization Methods.
11.3 Global Localization Methods.
11.4 Localization with Unknown Internal Delays and Clock Offsets.
References.
12 Anchor Position Accuracy Enhancement.
12.1 Impact of Anchor Location Accuracy on Sensor Node Localization.
12.2 Line-of-Sight and Non-Line-of-Sight Propagation Models.
12.3 Anchor Position Accuracy Bound.
12.4 Accuracy Improvement Based on Distance and Angle Estimates.
12.5 Accuracy Improvement Based on Distance Estimates.
Annex 12.A: Definition of Matrix and Vector in Line-of-Sight Conditions.
Annex 12.B: Definition of Matrix and Vector in Non-Line-of-Sight Conditions.
References.
13 Anchor-free Localization.
13.1 Robust Quads.
13.2 Multidimensional Scaling Method.
13.3 Mass–Spring Model.
13.4 Hybrid Approach.
13.5 Graphical Model.
13.6 Clustering and Stitching.
13.7 Referent Coordinate System Establishment.
13.8 Cramer–Rao Lower Bound.
13.9 Accuracy of Location Estimates.
13.10 Distance-Error-based Accuracy Measure.
13.11 Accuracy Evaluation.
References.
14 Non-Line-of-Sight Identification.
14.1 Data Smoothing.
14.2 Distribution Tests.
14.3 Calculating Level Crossing Rate and Fade Duration.
14.4 Estimating the Rician Factor.
14.5 Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test.
14.6 Nonparametric Method.
14.7 Using Intermediate Location Estimation.
14.8 Neyman–Pearson Test.
14.9 Joint Time-of-Arrival and Received Signal Strength-based Approaches.
14.10 Angle-of-Arrival-based Methods.
Annex 14.A: Proofs of Theorems and Corollary.
Annex 14.B: Derivation of the Probability of Detection.
References.
Appendix A: Hyperbolic Navigation.
A.1 Analytical Equations of a Hyperbola.
A.2 Solution to Hyperbolic Navigation.
A.3 Solution to Example Problem.
Appendix B: Radio Propagation Measurement Techniques.
B.1 Measurements with a Network Analyzer.
B.1.1 Measurements with a Reference Cable.
B.1.2 Calibration of Antennas.
B.1.3 Propagation Measurements.
B.2 Time-Domain Measurements.
Index.