Biocatalysis In Polymer Chemistry

Searching for green and environmentally friendly polymerization methods by using enzymes? This first handbook on this hot and essential topic contains the whole chain of knowledge of biocatalysis in polymer chemistry in both a comprehensive and compact form. International leading experts cover all important aspects, from enzymatic monomer synthesis to polymer modification and degradation.
While the major focus of the book is on enzymatic polymerizations of the polymer classes reported so far, industrial contributions are also included, making this invaluable reading for biochemists and polymer chemists working in academia and industry.

Katja Loos is an Associate Professor at the Department of Polymer Chemistry of the Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials of the University of Groningen, The Netherlands. Her main research interests are currently the different aspects of enzymatic polymerizations and modifications of polymers, biocatalytic synthesis of novel monomers, polysaccharides, the interaction of proteins with specialized surfaces, living polymerization techniques and block copolymer self assemblies.

She specialized in Organic Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry during her university studies at the Johannes Gutenberg Universitat in Mainz, Germany, and moved into the field of Enzymatic Polymerizations during her doctoral research at the University of Bayreuth, Germany. After a postdoctoral research stay at the Polytechnic University in Brooklyn, NY, USA, she started an independent research group at the University of Groningen in the field of Biocatalysis in Polymer Chemistry.

Preface.

List of Contributors.

List of Abbreviations.

1. Monomers and Macromonomers from Renewable Resources (Alessandro Gandini).

1.1 Introduction.

1.2 Terpenes.

1.3 Rosin.

1.4 Sugars.

1.5 Glycerol and Monomers Derived Therefrom.

1.6 Furans.

1.7 Vegetable Oils.

1.8 Tannins.

1.9 Lignin Fragments.

1.10 Suberin Fragments.

1.11 Miscellaneous Monomers.

1.12 Conclusions.

References.

2. Enzyme Immobilization on Layered and Nanostructured Materials (Ioannis V. Pavlidis, Aikaterini A. Tzialla, Apostolos Enotiadis, Haralambos Stamatis, and Dimitrios Gournis).

2.1 Introduction.

2.2 Enzymes Immobilized on Layered Materials.

2.3 Enzymes Immobilized on Carbon Nanotubes.

2.4 Enzymes Immobilized on Nanoparticles.

2.5 Conclusions.

References.

3. Improved Immobilization Supports for Candida Antarctica Lipase B (Paria Saunders and Jesper Brask).

3.1 Introduction.

3.2 Industrial Enzymes Production.

3.3 Lipase for Biocatalysis.

3.4 Immobilization.

3.5 CALB- Catalyzed Polymer Synthesis.

3.6 Conclusions.

Acknowledgment.

References.

4. Enzymatic Polymerization of Polymer (Nemanja Miletic, Katja Loos, and Richard A. Gross).

4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Synthesis of Polyesters.

4.3 Enzyme-Catalyzed Polycondensations.

4.4 Enzyme-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Polymerizations.

4.5 Enzymatic Ring-Opening Copolymerizations.

4.6 Combination of Condensation and Ring-Opening Polymerization.

4.7 Conclusion.

References.

5. Enzyme-Catalyzed Synthesis of Polyamides and Polypeptides (H. N. Cheng).

5.1 Introduction.

5.2 Catalysis via Protease.

5.3 Catalysis via Lipase.

5.4 Catalysis via Other Enzymes.

5.5 Comments.

References.

6. Enzymatic Polymerization of Vinyl Polymers (Frank Hollmann).

6.1 Introduction.

6.2 General Mechanism and Enzyme Kinetics.

6.3 Peroxidase-Initiated Polymerizations.

6.4 Laccase-Initiated Polymerization.

6.5 Miscellaneous Enzyme Systems.

6.6 The Current State-of-the-Art and Future Developments.

References.

7. Enzymatic Polymerization of Phenolic Monomers (Hiroshi Uyama).

7.1 Introduction.

7.2 Peroxidase-Catalyzed Polymerization of Phenolics.

7.3 Peroxidase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Functional Phenolic Polymers.

7.4 Laccase-Catalyzed Polymerization of Phenolics.

7.5 Enzymatic Preparation of Coatings.

7.6 Enzymatic Oxidative Polymerization of Flavonoids.

References.

8. Enzymatic Synthesis of Polyaniline and Other Electrically Conductive Polymers (Radolfo Cruz-Silva, Paulina Roman, and Jorge Romero).

8.1 Introduction.

8.2 PANI Synthesis Using Templates.

8.3 Synthesis of PANI in Template-Free, Dispersed and Micellar Media.

8.4 Biomimetic Synthesis of PANI.

8.5 Synthesis of PANI Using Enzymes Different From HRP.

8.6 PANI Films and Nanowires Prepared with Enzymatically Synthesized PANI.

8.7 Enzymatic and Biocatalytic Synthesis of Other Conductive Polymers.

8.8 Conclusions.

References.

9. Enzymatic Polymerizations of Polysaccharides (Jeroen van der Vlist and Katja Loos).

9.1 Introduction.

9.2 Glycosyltransferases.

9.3 Glycosidases.

9.4 Conclusion.

References.

10. Polymerases for Biosynthesis of Storage Compounds (Anna Bröker and Alexander Steinbüchel).

10.1 Introduction.

10.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoate Syntheses.

10.3 Cyanophycin Synthetases.

10.4 Conclusions.

References.

11. Chiral Polymers by Lipase Catalysis (Anja Palmans and Martijn Veld).

11.1 Introduction.

11.2 Reaction Mechanism and Enantioselectivity of Lipases.

11.3 Lipase-catalyzed Synthesis and Polymerization of Optically Pure Monomers.

11.4 Kinetic Resolution Polymerization of Racemic Monomers.

11.5 Dynamic Kinetic Resolution Polymerization of Racemic Monomers.

11.6 Tuning Polymer Properties with Chirality.

11.7 Conclusions.

References.

12. Enzymes in the Synthesis of Block and Graft Copolymers (Steven Howdle and Andreas Heise).

12.1 Introduction.

12.2 Synthetic Strategies for Block Copolymer Synthesis Involving Enzymes.

12.3 Enzymatic Synthesis of Graft Copolymers.

12.4 Summary and Outlook.

References.

13. Biocatalytic Polymerization in Exotic Solvents (Kristofer J. Thurecht and Silvia Villarroya).

13.1 Supercritical Fluids.

13.2 Biocatalytic Polymerization in Ionic Liquids.

13.3 Enzymatic Polymerization under Biphasic Conditions.

13.4 Other ‘Exotic’ Media for Biocatalytic Polymerization.

13.5 Conclusion.

References.

14. Molecular Modeling Approach to Enzymatic Polymrization (Gregor Fels and Iris Baum).

14.1 Introduction.

14.2 Enzymatic Polymerization.

14.3 Candida Antarctica Lipase B – Characterization of a Versatile Biocatalyst.

14.4 Lipase Catalyzed Alcoholysis and Aminolysis of Esters.

14.5 Lipase-Catalyzed Polyester Formation.

14.6 CALB –Catalyzed Polymerization of ß-Lactam.

14.7 General Remarks.

References.

15. Enzymatic Polymer Modification (Georg M. Guebitz).

15.1 Introduction.

15.2 Enzymatic Polymer Functionalization: From Natural to Synthetic Materials.

15.3 Surface Hydrolysis of Poly(alkyleneterephthalate)s.

15.4 Surface Hydrolysis of Polyamides.

15.5 Surface Hydrolysis of Polyacrylonitriles.

15.6 Future Developments.

Acknowledgment.

References.

16. Enzymatic Polysaccharide Degradation (Maricica Meunteanu and Helmut Ritter).

16.1 The Features of the Enzymatic Degradation.

16.2 Enzymatic Synthesis and Degradation of Cyclodextrin.

16.3 Hyaluronic Acid Enzymatic Degradation.

16.4 Alginate Enzymatic Degradation.

16.5 Chitin and Chitosan Enzymatic Degradation.

16.6 Cellulose Enzymatic Degradation.

16.7 Conclusion.

References.

Index.