Why is a region in northern Italy called Lombardy?
It was named after the Germanic barbarians known as the Lombards. As one of several founding ethnic groups, they left their mark on the peninsula. They established dukedoms that set the country on a path to the formation of many independent city-states during the Late Middle Ages.
Previously a nomadic people, who, according to legend, came from Scandinavia, the Lombards settled first in northern Italy or what is today called Lombardy and then later expanded their kingdom to encompass most of Italy, from the Alps to Mezzogiorno, or southern Italy.
The Lombards, living up to their designation as barbarians by the Romans, were a warlike people. The chronicle of their history is one of battles against other barbarian tribes, the Romans, the Byzantines, Muslims, and the pope and his army. The Lombards were finally removed from power by the overwhelming forces of Charlemagne in northern Italy and the Normans in the south.
From time to time, the Lombards fought enemies on all fronts. But their most intriguing struggles were against each other. Claimants to the throne and regional dukes continuously vied for power. They were invariably duplicitous in negotiations and sought allies wherever they could find them. The Lombard duchies were conquered one after another by foreign invaders, and their culture and language gradually disappeared, being absorbed into the matrix of cultures that subsequently came to dominate Italy.
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