The Rashidun Caliphate, encompassing the reigns of the four Rightly Guided Caliphs, represents a formative and fascinating era in Islamic history. This period, stretching from the death of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) in 632 CE to the assassination of Ali ibn Abi Talib in 661 CE, witnessed the extraordinary expansion of the Islamic empire, the development of sophisticated administrative systems, and the laying of foundational legal frameworks. However, the era also marks a period of internal struggle and growing divisions that ultimately led to the First Fitna, a devastating civil war.
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