The upper part of the trunk is referred to as the thorax. It consists of a thoracic wall which itself include soft tissues and musculature of and an external musculoskeletal cage and some of the internal organs such as lungs, heart, thymus, trachea, esophagus, vagus and phrenic nerves lie in an internal thoracic cavity with the sympathetic trunks (right and left), thoracic duct and systemic and pulmonary blood vessels. Inferiorly diaphragm separates the thorax from the abdominal cavity and superiorly it interconnects with the neck and the upper limbs. The thoracic wall also confers shield to the abdominal viscera. The major part of the liver resides below the right dome of diaphragm; while the left dome comprises the spleen and stomach. The posterior aspects of the superior pole of the kidneys lie on the diaphragm and is anterior to the twelfth rib on the right side. While posterior pole of left kidney lies anterior to the eleventh rib on the left dome of diaphragm posteriorly on the left side. Variability in thoracic cage dimensions is present partially personal in various people, but they are also related to gender, age of the individual, and the human races. It has been found that a newborn child's transverse diameter is much lesser in comparison to adults. The proportion of a person's transverse diameter grows in size as they learn to walk. In terms of absolute and proportional measures, females are depicted to have a smaller thoracic measurement than males. Females tend to have a shorter vertical expanse of the sternum as compared to the suprasternal notch to the xiphoid cartilage, which poses the inlet of the thoracic cavity to be more inclined. Females have been found to have the jugular notch in level with the third thoracic vertebra posteriorly. Males tend to have a longer sternum in comparison to females, consequently, the thoracic inlet is less sloped and the suprasternal notch is present at the same level as the second thoracic vertebra at the posterior thoracic wall
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