Ternary Hybrid Nanofluids in porous Tubes

This work presents a detailed numerical investigation of the thermo-hydrodynamic behavior of hybrid and ternary hybrid nanofluids flowing through a cylindrical tube under forced convection conditions. The study focuses on nanofluids composed of Al₂O₃-TiO₂ and Al₂O₃-TiO₂-CNT nanoparticles dispersed in a water-ethylene glycol base fluid. The tube is fully filled with a porous medium and subjected to an external magnetic field. The influence of key governing parameters, including Darcy number, Hartmann number, and magnetic field orientation, is systematically examined. The finite volume method is employed to solve the governing equations, and the simulations are carried out using FORTRAN code. Special attention is devoted to entropy generation analysis to evaluate thermodynamic irreversibility and energy efficiency. The results reveal that the incorporation of carbon nanotubes enhances axial velocity and heat transfer due to their cylindrical shape, while porous media and magnetic fields significantly affect flow resistance and entropy production. The findings provide valuable physical insight for the design and optimization of advanced heat transfer systems using hybrid nanofluids.