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Social and spatial health inequalities are a persistent issue across countries, cities, and population groups. Even in developed nations, equitable access to comprehensive healthcare remains a challenge. Research shows that large disparities in health status between individuals and social groups significantly contribute to this problem. In Europe, health inequalities are widening, as existing policies often fail to effectively strengthen public health systems. Economic crises and the COVID-19 pandemic have further strained public healthcare services, in some cases leading to system overload. Socio-economically disadvantaged populations face higher health risks due to their dependence on public healthcare structures. Understanding social and spatial health inequalities requires further empirical research across all population groups. This paper aims to examine the socio-economic factors influencing social status and health inequality, as well as the policies designed to address these disparities, through a theoretical analysis of population health and access to healthcare services.
