| List of Illustrations | 10 |
| List of Tables | 12 |
| A Note on Language Matters | 13 |
| Preface | 15 |
| 1. Women, Men, and Institutions in the World Before the Founding of the Dynasty | 38 |
| 2. Hongwu 洪武: An Empress and a Turbulent Family | 48 |
| 3. Jianwen 建文: Rebellion, Lies, and the Matriline | 89 |
| 4. Yongle 永樂: Empress and Consorts in the Second Founding | 99 |
| 5. Reading in the Palace 內訓 | 130 |
| 6. Reading and Writing in the Palace: Syncretic and Buddhist Texts 儒釋道 | 159 |
| 7. Hongxi 洪熙: An Empress Prevails | 172 |
| 8. Xuande 宣德: An Empress Dowager Ascendant and an Empress Deposed | 182 |
| 9. Zhengtong 正統: A Palace Coalition and a Young Emperor | 207 |
| 10. Jingtai 景泰: The Family and the Court After Tumu | 237 |
| 11. Tianshun 天順: Women in Images and Texts at the End of the First Ming Century | 244 |
| 12. Reflections | 266 |
| Acknowledgments | 275 |
| Appendix: Tables 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4 | 279 |
| Bibliography | 288 |
| Index | 307 |
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