Cities do not fail for lack of ambition-they falter when financial and institutional systems are misaligned with the outcomes they claim to pursue. In Who Pays for Development, B. Libre Kafele reveals how risk, reward, and stability are distributed in American cities. From municipal bond markets to housing authorities, from public-private partnerships to federal monetary policy, the book shows how displacement, housing precarity, and social instability are predictable consequences of structural design, not random misfortune.
Kafele challenges readers to ask the central question: who bears the risk, who captures the gain, and how can cities reclaim agency in systems that shape their neighborhoods?
B. Libre Kafele is a political scientist, political economist, and author. He holds a Bachelor's Degree in Political Science (Comparative Politics) from Kean University and a Master's Degree in Political Science (United Nations/Global Policy Studies) from Rutgers University. He is an inductee of the Pi Sigma Alpha National Honor Society for Political Science.
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