Modality

Forms of thought are involved whenever we name, describe, or identify things, and whenever we distinguish between what is, might be, or must be the case. It appears to be a distinctive feature of human thought that we can have modal thoughts, about what might be possible or necessary, and conditional thoughts, about what would or might be the case if something else were the case. Even the simplest thoughts are structured like sentences, containing referential and predicative elements, and studying these structures is the main task of philosophical logic. This clear and accessible book investigates the forms of thought, drawing out and focusing on the central logical notions of reference, predication, identity, modality and conditionality. It will be useful to students and other interested readers in epistemology and metaphysics, philosophy of mind and language, and philosophical logic.

How do children acquire a Creole as their first language? This relatively underexplored question is the starting point for this first book of its kind; it also asks how first language acquisition of a Creole differs from that of a non-Creole language. Dany Adone reveals that in the absence of a conventional language model, Creole children acquire language and go beyond the input they receive. This study discusses the role of input, a hotly debated issue in the field of first language acquisition, and provides support for the nativist approach in the debate between nativism and input-based models. The Acquisition of Creole Languages will be essential reading for those in the fields of First Language Acquisition and Creole Studies. Adone takes an interdisciplinary approach, and uses insights from the acquisition of language in the visual modality, making this of great interest to those in the field of Sign Linguistics.

Forms of thought are involved whenever we name, describe, or identify things, and whenever we distinguish between what is, might be, or must be the case. It appears to be a distinctive feature of human thought that we can have modal thoughts, about what might be possible or necessary, and conditional thoughts, about what would or might be the case if something else were the case. Even the simplest thoughts are structured like sentences, containing referential and predicative elements, and studying these structures is the main task of philosophical logic. This clear and accessible book investigates the forms of thought, drawing out and focusing on the central logical notions of reference, predication, identity, modality and conditionality. It will be useful to students and other interested readers in epistemology and metaphysics, philosophy of mind and language, and philosophical logic.

A Case-Based Approach to PET/CT in Oncology describes the role of PET/CT in the diagnosis, staging and monitoring of treatment response in today's practice of oncology. It provides a detailed analysis of over 100 cases occurring in daily clinical practice, emphasizing the central role that PET imaging plays in the care of cancer patients. The text is organized into two sections; Part I guides the reader through general introductory concepts, including basic science, while Part II covers in-depth oncologic applications. Each case is illustrated throughout with full color images and explains the key management issues and the advantages and limitations of the modality. Written by a team of renowned international experts, A Case-Based Approach to PET/CT in Oncology is an invaluable resource for all imaging practitioners, oncologists and nuclear medicine specialists.

How do children acquire a Creole as their first language? This relatively underexplored question is the starting point for this first book of its kind; it also asks how first language acquisition of a Creole differs from that of a non-Creole language. Dany Adone reveals that in the absence of a conventional language model, Creole children acquire language and go beyond the input they receive. This study discusses the role of input, a hotly debated issue in the field of first language acquisition, and provides support for the nativist approach in the debate between nativism and input-based models. The Acquisition of Creole Languages will be essential reading for those in the fields of First Language Acquisition and Creole Studies. Adone takes an interdisciplinary approach, and uses insights from the acquisition of language in the visual modality, making this of great interest to those in the field of Sign Linguistics.

FRCR Part 1 Anatomy Mock MCQ Examinations provides essential practice for the new anatomy examination introduced by the Royal College of Radiologists. Written according to the syllabus set by the Royal College, each mock examination is laid out and structured in the same way as the actual papers, ensuring users gain familiarity with both the content and the style. Containing 10 mock examinations and 200 high quality MRI, CT, ultrasound, fluoroscopy, angiography and plain film images, all anatomical areas are covered, including normal variants and paediatric cases. By the end of the book, readers will have encountered every imaging modality and the majority of cases covered in the exam itself. Written by specialist registrars and a highly experienced radiology consultant and Fellowship examiner, FRCR Part 1 Anatomy Mock MCQ Examinations is the must-have revision tool for all Part 1 FRCR candidates.

David Edgar's writings address the most basic questions of how humans organize and govern themselves in modern societies. This study brings together the disciplines of political philosophy and theatre studies to approach the leading British playwright as a political writer and a public social critic. Edgar uses theatre as a powerful tool of public discourse, an aesthetic modality for engaging with and thinking/feeling through the most pressing social issues of the day. In this he is a supreme rationalist: he deploys character, plot and language to explore ideas, to make certain kinds of discursive cases and model hypothetical alternatives. Reinelt and Hewitt analyze twelve of Edgar's most important plays, including Maydays and Pentecost, and also provide detailed discussions of key performances and critical reception to illustrate the playwright's artistic achievement in relation to his contributions as a public figure in British cultural life.

The imaging methods used to evaluate patients with suspected vertebral injuries have undergone radical changes in the past decade, the most significant being the ascendancy of computed tomography (CT) to become the primary investigative modality. Issues such as high radiation dose associated with CT studies and health care reform and cost containment also have a significant impact on clinical decision-making. This new edition of the classic landmark text for vertebral trauma imaging provides an in-depth discussion on the indications and methods of imaging the spine based on currently available clinical evidence. Every chapter has been extensively revised and the illustrations represent state-of-the-art imaging. A completely new chapter on pediatric injuries has been added. Imaging of Vertebral Trauma, third edition, is an invaluable and essential tool in the assessment of any patient with suspected vertebral or spinal cord injury.

Every once in a while nature gives us insight into the human condition by providing us with a unique case whose special properties illuminate the species as a whole. Christopher is such an example. Despite disabilities which mean that everyday tasks are burdensome chores, Christopher is a linguistic wonder who can read, write, speak, understand and translate more than twenty languages. On some tests he shows a severely low IQ, hinting at ineducability, yet his English language ability indicates an IQ in excess of 120 (a level more than sufficient to enter university). Christopher is a savant, someone with an island of startling talent in a sea of inability. This book documents his learning of British Sign Language, casting light on the modularity of cognition, the modality neutrality of the language faculty, the structure of memory, the grammar of signed language and the nature of the human mind.

Every once in a while nature gives us insight into the human condition by providing us with a unique case whose special properties illuminate the species as a whole. Christopher is such an example. Despite disabilities which mean that everyday tasks are burdensome chores, Christopher is a linguistic wonder who can read, write, speak, understand and translate more than twenty languages. On some tests he shows a severely low IQ, hinting at ineducability, yet his English language ability indicates an IQ in excess of 120 (a level more than sufficient to enter university). Christopher is a savant, someone with an island of startling talent in a sea of inability. This book documents his learning of British Sign Language, casting light on the modularity of cognition, the modality neutrality of the language faculty, the structure of memory, the grammar of signed language and the nature of the human mind.

The Principle of Sufficient Reason (PSR) says that all contingent facts must have explanation. In this 2006 volume, which was the first on the topic in the English language in nearly half a century, Alexander Pruss examines the substantive philosophical issues raised by the Principle Reason. Discussing various forms of the PSR and selected historical episodes, from Parmenides, Leibnez, and Hume, Pruss defends the claim that every true contingent proposition must have an explanation against major objections, including Hume's imaginability argument and Peter van Inwagen's argument that the PSR entails modal fatalism. Pruss also provides a number of positive arguments for the PSR, based on considerations as different as the metaphysics of existence, counterfactuals and modality, negative explanations, and the everyday applicability of the PSR. Moreover, Pruss shows how the PSR would advance the discussion in a number of disparate fields, including meta-ethics and the philosophy of mathema

Continuous improvement in MRI technology in recent years has led to the application of diffusion-weighted MR imaging in organ systems outside the brain. Extra-Cranial Applications of Diffusion-Weighted MRI provides an extensive review of current and future applications of this imaging modality by world-renowned experts. Organized by organ system, each chapter is highly illustrated, offering a balance of protocols, illustrations and principles of image interpretation. An initial chapter provides an overview of relevant physics and other technical details, followed by detailed chapters on all major body systems including liver, kidney, prostate, breast and spine. A final chapter discusses assessment of therapy response. Written and edited by leading DW-MRI experts worldwide, Extra-Cranial Applications of Diffusion-Weighted MRI is an invaluable resource for radiology trainees, practising radiologists and for researchers in a wide variety of disciplines.

This much-needed systematic exploration of the emerging field of organizational discourse addresses scholarly perspectives and empirical applications of the concepts. The interpretive, functional, critical, and structurational perspectives are examined in detail. Issues discussed include the constructive potential of discourse; prominent interpretive approaches; the role of discourse, in particular metaphor, in fostering certain organizational outcomes; a critical view addressing the power and political dimensions of discourse; and the dual aspects of discourse as both communicative actions and deep structures, interrelated through the modality of interpretive schemes. Application chapters illustrate how discourse theory can be employed in field research, aiding the analyst in gaining a deeper understanding of the social context and of the effects of discourse on that context. In particular, a view of discourse as situated symbolic action, and a structurational view of discourse are il

The contributors to this 1981 volume are all concerned with scientific realism, but each author questions or rejects aspects of the way it has traditionally been discussed. There are three main foci of attention - reduction, time and modality - and the analyses bring out complexities and difficulties obscured in the standard accounts of scientific realism. The papers are powerful and original, representing some of the best in modern philosophy of science, and each were specifically commissioned for the volume. It is an excellent source book for courses on realism or the philosophy of science. The book therefore takes its place in the informal series of volumes arising from meetings sponsored by the Thyssen Foundation, which already includes C. Hookway and P. Pettit (eds.) Action and Interpretation (C. U. P. 1978) and R. Harrison (ed.) Rational Action (C. U. P. 1980).

Part 2B of the FRCR examination for trainee radiologists involves six 'long cases', which can contain images of any body system and any imaging modality: plain film, CT, MRI, ultrasound, nuclear medicine and contrast studies. FRCR 2B: A Guide to the Long Cases contains 60 highly illustrated long cases and answers, organised into 10 sets of 6 cases. The cases are based on the format of the exam and the answers are at the level of detail the candidate would be expected to provide in the time allocated. An introductory section explains the College's marking scheme and advises on the best approach to the long cases and how to structure an answer. A succinct topic review is provided with each case. Jointly edited by a successful FRCR fellow and an experienced consultant radiologist, FRCR 2B: A Guide to the Long Cases is essential reading for all exam candidates.

First published in 2002, this is a comprehensive grammatical documentation of Kham, a previously undescribed language from west-central Nepal, belonging to the Tibeto-Burman language family. The language contains a number of grammatical systems that are of immediate relevance to current work on linguistic theory, including split ergativity, a mirative system, and a rich class of derived adjectivals. Its verb morphology has implications for the understanding of the history of the entire Tibeto-Burman family. The book, based on extensive fieldwork, deals with all major aspects of the language including segmental phonology, tone, word classes, noun phrases, nominalizations, transitivity alterations, tense-aspect-modality, non-declarative speech acts, and complex sentence structure. It provides copious examples throughout the exposition and includes three short native texts and a vocabulary of more than 400 words, many of them reconstructed for Proto-Kham and Proto-Tibeto-Burman.

Breast pathology is arguably considered the most challenging and controversial area of diagnostic pathology. Many gradations of normal, pre-cancerous, and cancerous conditions are often indistinguishable, making a clear-cut diagnosis very difficult and often a cause for intense debate. This latest book in the Cambridge Illustrated Surgical Pathology series comprehensively covers all methods utilized by pathologists to accurately diagnose diseases affecting the breast. Malignant tumors are the predominant focus, but a full spectrum of inflammatory disorders and hyperplasias is also covered in detail, and the book uniquely shows the progression of disease states from incipient to advanced. Findings are diagnosed not only through the light microscope but also through genetic, molecular, and immunologic modalities; the text additionally includes the interpretation of cytologic specimens as an important diagnostic modality in breast pathology. The book is highly illustrated, with more than

A Reference Grammar of Thai provides a clear, detailed and comprehensive guide to Thai grammar, designed for intermediate to advanced learners. Written by two leading experts on Thai, it places a special emphasis on functional accounts of its grammatical phenomena: the use of demonstratives, personal reference terms, the modality system, the aspectual system, pragmatic particles, verb serialisation, relative clauses, question formation, passive and causative constructions, topic marking and many more. Unlike any other book on Thai grammar, it draws on data from everyday spoken discourses such as informal conversation, group discussions, interviews and narratives, as well as non-technical written texts such as folk tales, short stories and newspaper articles, to discuss grammatical phenomena at both sentence and discourse level. An extensive index is provided and examples are given in both Thai orthography and IPA symbols, making this an invaluable resource for linguists as well as stud

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a psychiatric treatment involving the induction of a seizure through the transmission of electricity in the brain. Because of exploitation movies and greatly heightened drug company promotional activities ECT was used less frequently in the 1980s and 1990s. Eventually these movies were understood as unrealistic. Now these drugs are increasingly recognized as dangers to body health. Because of recent refinements and a far better scientific understanding of the clinical procedures and mechanisms underpinning ECT, this treatment modality has seen a resurgence in use and widespread appreciation of its safety. This book is the new definitive reference on electroconvulsive and neuromodulation therapies. It comprehensively covers the scientific basis and clinical practice of ECT as well as comparisons between ECT and medication therapies including the new generation of antipsychotic drugs. It also provides readers with administrative perspectives and speci

Testing the sense of smell is often omitted or trivialized during neurological examination. This comprehensive review will address this shortcoming by emphasizing the significance of this important sensory modality. The Neurology of Olfaction describes the anatomy and physiology of human olfaction and how it may be measured. The book covers neurologic disorders in depth and a comprehensive chapter is devoted to neurodegenerative disorders, particularly Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, where loss of smell is frequent and may be an early preclinical feature that could predict the onset of disease in asymptomatic subjects. Finally, the authors describe methods of treatment for anosmia, evaluate its medicolegal importance, and give guidance for those unfortunate enough to have lost their sense of smell. Written by two experts in the field, this book provides information useful to physicians for assessing and managing chemosensory disorders and summarizes the current scientific

The advent of modern investigative techniques to explore brain function has led to major advances in understanding the neural organization and mechanisms associated with semantic memory. This book presents current theories by leading experts in the field on how the human nervous system stores and recalls memory of objects, actions, words and events. Chapters range from models of a specific domain or memory system (e.g., lexical-semantic, sensorimotor, emotion) to multiple modality accounts; from encompassing memory representations, to processing modules, to network structures, focusing on studies of both normal individuals and those with brain disease. Recent advances in neuro-exploratory techniques allow for investigation of semantic memory mechanisms noninvasively in both normal healthy individuals and patients with diffuse or focal brain damage. This has resulted in a significant increase in findings relevant to the localization and mechanistic function of brain regions engaged in

The Principle of Sufficient Reason (PSR) says that all contingent facts must have explanation. In this 2006 volume, which was the first on the topic in the English language in nearly half a century, Alexander Pruss examines the substantive philosophical issues raised by the Principle Reason. Discussing various forms of the PSR and selected historical episodes, from Parmenides, Leibnez, and Hume, Pruss defends the claim that every true contingent proposition must have an explanation against major objections, including Hume's imaginability argument and Peter van Inwagen's argument that the PSR entails modal fatalism. Pruss also provides a number of positive arguments for the PSR, based on considerations as different as the metaphysics of existence, counterfactuals and modality, negative explanations, and the everyday applicability of the PSR. Moreover, Pruss shows how the PSR would advance the discussion in a number of disparate fields, including meta-ethics and the philosophy of mathema

The notion of subjectivity explored here concerns expression of self and the representation of a speaker's perspective or point of view in discourse. Subjectivization involves the structures and strategies that languages evolve in the linguistic realization of subjectivity and the relevant processes of linguistic evolution themselves. This volume reflects the growing attention in linguistics and related disciplines commanded by the centrality in language of the speaker. An international team of contributors offers a series of studies on grammatical, diachronic and literary aspects of subjectivity and subjectivization, from a variety of perspectives including literary stylistics, historical linguistics, formal semantics and discourse analysis. The essays look at the role of the perspective of locutionary agents, their expression of affect and modality in linguistic expressions and discourse, and the effects of their phenomena on the formal shape of discourse. This volume demonstrates ho

The first systematic exposition of all the central topics in the philosophy of logic, Susan Haack's book has established an international reputation (translated into five languages) for its accessibility, clarity, conciseness, orderliness, and range as well as for its thorough scholarship and careful analyses. Haack discusses the scope and purpose of logic, validity, truth-functions, quantification and ontology, names, descriptions, truth, truth-bearers, the set-theoretical and semantic paradoxes, and modality. She also explores the motivations for a whole range of non-classical systems of logic, including many-valued logics, fuzzy logic, moddal and tense logics, and relevance logics. Persupposing only an elementary knowledge of formal logic, this book includes many useful summary tables and diagrams, as well as a helpful glossary of technical terms. Wide-ranging, informative, and eminently readable, this book has proven a valuable resource for generations of students and scholars in

本著作導入「格文法」的概念，探討日語在「存在表達句」「引用表達句」「變化表達句」「情感表達句」「連體修飾句」中之必要「格成分」（亦即必要補語）的分布形態，同時分析其句法結構及語義特徵。過去有關上述五種表達句必要補語之研究大多集中於「名詞＋格助詞」之類型上，而對於具有副詞特徵的「用言（連用形）」「（引用語）＋と」「副詞」等類型通常被排除在必要補語之外。本研究透過這五種表達句的檢證，主張應將之列入為必要補語之範圍内，如此才能達到對日語句子基本結構有整體性的了解與掌握。除了考察日語句中述語和必要補語之間的格關係外，本著作並將針對這五種表達句中含有表語氣（modality）功能的動詞，就其結構和語義特徵加以剖析。衆所皆知，日語用來表示語氣的表達法中，除了藉由活用語尾和語氣助動詞外，還有所謂的終助詞類，然在此五種表達句中，述語動詞已被助動詞化用來表語氣的也為數不少，本著作將針對這些動詞，一一詳加探討。此外，本著作亦將探究日語必要成分省略的原理和「連用修飾」及「連體修飾」間的相關性，並檢證「格文法」的概念在解釋「情感表達句」和「連體修飾句」的省略現象及「連用」「連體」間的「語用連續性」是必要且有用的。本著作將透過翻譯以及對比分析來究明這五種表達句中的日中兩國語間之對應關係，並剖析其「典型對應」和「非典型對應」的用法，同時加以分類整理。相信所獲得的成果對日語文法相關問題研究及教學必能有所貢獻，對台灣的日語學習者在這方面的學習亦多所助益。

Sense and Sadness is an innovative study of music modality in relation to human emotion and the aesthetics of perception. It is also a musical story of survival through difficulty and pain. Focusing o

Over the past 40 years, ERCP has become an effective therapeutic modality with diagnostic purposes that are continually improved.. The 3rd Edition of this practical reference helps you make the most o

Horticultural therapy has evolved from its use only by volunteer gardeners to become a recognized and respected therapeutic modality conducted by trained, registered professionals. This book presents

Star Magic is the healing modality for healers or anyone wanting to explore their own YOU-Niverse and unleash their full human potential. Working at a level of super-consciousness, by harnessing extra

In 2001, Dr. Shelley Kaehr released Origins of Huna about the beginnings of an obscure healing modality. Now she shares the most powerful techniques with a new generation of seekers with easy to foll

Three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography is now an accepted modality in the assessment of the heart and more so with the ability to perform 3D transesophageal (TEE) echocardiography. Of particular impo

The book will take a system-specific approach to the multi-modality imaging of the cerebrovascular area, supra-aortic trunk, aorta, mesenteric and renal arteries, lower extremity arteries, and venous

Here is a comprehensive compendium of descriptions of each modality of physiologic imaging of brain tumors, including PET and all physiologic MRI modalities. It includes sections on diagnosis, monito

Recent research on the syntax of signed language has revealed that, apart from some modality-specific differences, signed languages are organized according to the same underlying principles as spoken

Can the human body truly heal itself? Can we actually reverse the process of disease? If so, what modality do we choose to find our way back to health? The answers to these questions are found in C.U.

The kidneys are responsible for many key bodily functions, but their primary role as a filter of toxins makes them extremely susceptible to disease. Often these diseases can only be diagnosed through a renal biopsy, a complicated procedure requiring ancillary immunologic and molecular diagnostic techniques. This book covers all methods used by renal pathologists to diagnose a wide range of kidney diseases. Unlike most literature on renal pathology, this book is situated on the midpoint between encyclopedic and superficial coverage, written for the signing-out pathologist. While focusing on tumors and transplantation rejection, a full spectrum of infectious, inflammatory, and congenital disorders is covered in both pediatric and adult populations and is analyzed not only by light microscopy but by each applicable diagnostic modality available. The text is illustrated with more than 1,000 photomicrographs and diagrams, including a CD-ROM of all images.

有些事被認為是可能的，有些事則是必然的；有些事允許做，有些事有必要做，達便是情態（modality）。語言表達這一范疇時，顯得非常復雜。《現代漢語情態研究》在當代語言學的框架下，以現代漢語事實為觀察對象，對情態進行了全面而深入的考察和分析；對情態動詞表達的情態系統、情態動詞的范疇地位、特別是情態與其他范疇的互動關系進行了很有價值的探索。視角與研究方法新穎獨特、語料豐富翔實、論證細致縝密、觀點富有新

對於物理治療人員而言，物理因子治療學在臨床的應用相當多，而物理治療專業領域中3M之一的儀器治療(Modality)，即是透過物理治療儀器來運用各種物理因子的一門學問，其重要性由此可知。本書內容參照國家考試指定參考用書及歷屆國家考試試題，並針對物理治療儀器的原理、生理效應、適應症、禁忌症和操作注意事項等五大部分予以重點式整理，讓讀者能一目瞭然，充分瞭解重點所在，以收事半功倍之效。而在每章內容之後則安