Proactive Intelligence

科技對華文教學的衝擊與挑戰專輯前言符傳豐、張麗妹自二○二二年十一月三十日ChatGPT的問世，人工智能（Artificial Intelligence, AI）技術的發展進入了一個嶄新的階段。人工智能技術的迅猛發展正以前所未有的方式改變著我們的生活和學習方式。在華文作為第二語言的教與學中，人工智能技術帶來的轉變主要體現在以下幾個方面：首先，學生知識的來源越來越多元，教師不再是唯一的權威，傳統的課堂環境也不再是唯一的選擇。人工智能技術使學習者人機互動成為常態，傳統的傳道授業的模式受到挑戰。其次，人工智能提供了個性化的學習體驗。在傳統的課堂上，老師往往難以兼顧每個學生的學習進度和需求。人工智能系統通過對大數據的分析，能夠找到學習者的「最近發展區」（Vygotsky, 1967），並針對性地提供練習和輔導，達到最優的學習效果。再次，教師可以利用人工智能技術帶來的豐富的教學資源和多樣的學習渠道，鼓勵學生帶著問題主動學習，實現翻轉課堂（Flipped Classroom）「先學後教」的效果，這不僅提高了學生的學習效率，也讓他們成為自己學習的主人，找到學習的內驅力。這對於缺乏學習動機的以華文作為二語的學生尤為重要。此外，教師可以借助人工智能技術及時獲取學生學習成果信息，不斷調整和優化教學流程和內容，根據學習者實時學習情況調整教學方式，為學生提供及時反饋，隨時解決學生提出的問題，實時答疑解惑，幫助學生及時改正錯誤。本刊共輯六篇文章，六位老師從不同視角探討了面對科技對華文教學帶來的衝擊和挑戰，教師如何教，學生如何學。蘇啟禎老師從人類科技發明的作用談起，指出華文教師應該善用電子科技，充分發揮新科技的優點，提高華文教學的效果；周恩國老師探討了如何設計人工智能教學助手，幫助華文教師提升華文教學設計；焦福珍老師結合新加坡學生學習平臺有關個性化學習的新功能，探討了實施個性化學習的過程中人工智能賦能的路徑和策略；李冬梅老師從生成式人工智能的能供性出發，探討了生成式人工智能背景下促進學習評價的教學模式，以期對教師的教和學生的學提供新的探索方向；王學萍老師聚焦目前新加坡中學華文教師的教學實踐，探討了如何安全、有效地與人工智能技術協同合作，打造更加智能化、個性化的以華文作為二語的教學環境；韓軼婷老師探討面對新科技浪潮的衝擊，AI 如何重塑華文教學，嘗試引領讀者探尋新科技時代華文教學的未來方向。本專輯

透過對AI歷史發展過程的闡述， 推演未來的發展趨勢和產業前景， 講述了ChatGPT對社會各個領域的影響， 為讀者全面剖析了ChatGPT技術的本質和價值。 ▶AI的概念和萌芽 AI是一個包括了多重內涵的概念，一個是指有AI的電腦（智慧體），另一個是指AI科學和技術。分兩點來解釋： 第一，有AI的電腦可以透過模擬人類的智慧和行為，完成通常需要人類智慧才能做的任務。 第二，AI技術是讓電腦成為一個持續學習提高的學生，不僅能從數據中學習和提取訊息，並利用這些訊息來做出正確的決策，還能感知環境，更容易理解周圍的世界，更好地解決問題。 ▶ChatGPT已經開始替代人類的工作！ 一些調查顯示，很多工作任務已經開始被替代了。據美國《財富》雜誌網站報導，2023年3月的一項調查顯示，在1000家被調查企業中，有近50%的企業在使用ChatGPT，這些企業中，又有48%已經讓其代替員工工作。ChatGPT的具體職責包括：客服、程式碼編寫、應徵訊息撰寫、文案和內容創作、會議記錄和檔案摘要等。 目前來看，ChatGPT的工作得到了公司的普遍認可，55%給出了「優秀」的評價，34%認為「非常好」。由於使用了ChatGPT，有些企業已經節省了幾萬甚至十幾萬美元的成本。 ▶對人工智慧的恐懼和爭議 2023年3月，奧爾特曼在官方部落格上發表了一篇新文章，強調了其最初的使命：確保通用人工智慧（Artificial general intelligence，AGI）造福於全人類。他希望AGI賦予人類在宇宙中最大限度地繁榮。 奧爾特曼說，雖然AGI也會帶來濫用、嚴重事故和社會混亂的嚴重風險，但因為AGI的好處太大了，如果AGI被成功創造出來，會大大推動全球經濟發展，並幫助發現改變可能性極限的新科學知識，提高全人類的科技水平。因為AGI有潛力賦予每個人驚人的新能力，假如所有人都可以獲得AI的賦能，不僅能在認知任務方面得到幫助，還能讓聰明才智和創造力倍增。 因此，讓其永遠停止發展並不可取，社會和AGI的開發者必須想辦法把它做好，讓AGI成為人類的增強器，最大限度地發揮AGI好的一面和遏制其壞的一面。 ▶本書適用族群 1. 企業管理層和決策者：可以透過本書了解ChatGPT技術對不同領域的影響和應用，以便更好地利用AI技術優化業務流程、提高生產效率和提升行銷效果等。 2. 教育工作者和學生：可以透過本書了

★ 紐約時報暢銷作家——克里斯．韋羅頓 最新力作！ ★ 美國亞馬遜５顆星好評推薦！ 現代人追求高智商ＩＱ（Intelligence Quotien），卻忽略了人的受造有一更深層的領域—靈。身為神的兒女，當我們的靈透過信心與聖靈連結，我們將擁有如同神一般的思維，超越屬地有限的智慧，就像電腦連結於網際網路的無限資源，我們的屬靈商數ＳＱ（Spiritual Quotien）也將得以不斷發展。 作者從自身豐富而奇妙的經歷出發，加以精闢、透徹的論述，說明當神兒女連結於神無限的資源時，將如同耶穌軟弱的門徒被轉化成為大能的使徒，領受異象與啟示、施行醫治和神蹟，為神建立勝過黑暗權勢的榮耀國度。 神的心意是屬神的兒女都領受祂的心智能力，在這世代活出屬天的治理權柄，為人的生命帶來改變，彰顯祂的形象和榮耀。 各界推薦： 「克里斯‧韋羅頓在他的最新創作中引介給讀者一個新概念，屬靈智力商數是由一個人對於聖靈所說的話的了解程度來決定的。克里斯鼓勵讀者藉由更了解基督的心來學習擁有屬神的思維。當你讀完本書後，這些新概念將會轉化、調整並改變你的心，提高你的屬靈層級！」——鮑勃‧哈森（Bob Hasson），商業顧問、RM Hasson 有限公司 CEO、《尊榮的事業》（The Business of Honor，暫譯）作者 「藉由關於神經科學的洞見和邀請我們與聖靈同行，克里斯‧韋羅頓從天堂的角度打開了屬靈智力的新視野，讓我們可以超越自然界的思維進到屬天的思維。他幫助我們與神對齊，以成為文化轉化的改變因子。克里斯有趣的故事、超自然的探索以及清楚而實際的引導，會使你渴慕展開進到屬靈智力領域的獨特旅程。」——蘿倫‧哈森（Lauren Hasson），生命之泉事工（Lifestreams Ministries）創辦人兼事工主任 「我有幸能見到本書的信息在克里斯的心中成形，直到神期盼的工作成就在他的生命中。現在，它將改變讀者的生命。本書使我們因為領受屬天智慧而感到興奮，因為當我們與神建立夥伴關係時，將賦予我們生命目的和命定感，遠遠超出我們最瘋狂的想像。現在該是時候，我們站立在呼召之上，向世人彰顯基督充滿盼望的心了。」——比爾‧強生（Bill Johnson），伯特利教會主任牧師、《行在神蹟中》（以琳書房出版）等書作者 「克里斯經常逼得我去思考。這本書也是如此！他提供了有效的觀點、具有挑戰性的啟示和新鮮的洞見。

人臉辨識、數位威權、同溫層效應……科技是中立的嗎？科技真的能帶來更好的未來嗎？人工智慧將走向何方，只取決於我們如何利用嗎？自由、平等、正義、民主、種族議題與氣候變遷──這些對人類生活至關重要的諸多議題與概念，與人工智慧有何關聯？卡夫卡的《審判》、歐威爾的《一九八四》裡頭所描繪的社會狀態，或許將不再只是文學寓言。AI的發展及其帶來的技術革命，甚至已經超越了二十年前的網際網路，它能夠與人交談、能夠學習甚至創作，它看似能夠大幅改善人類的生活，但也將顛覆我們所熟知的各種價值……AI不只是一種科技，更是一種政治。它能夠存取龐大的資料，從中進行應用與學習，卻也能從這些數據中進行預測、操控與管制。AI具有「權力」，僅以倫理學角度看待AI已經不合時宜，我們必須正視它為人類社會帶來的挑戰，無論是技術層面的運用，例如執法手段的變革對公民自由形成的威脅，或是潛在的影響，例如大數據對人類行為（勞動、消費、金融）的形塑與規訓。它有可能危害民主、加速社會的透明化、加劇當前的分配不平等、形塑人們的自我認同；甚至，我們不得不超前思考AI在未來形成一種政治社群的可能。本書大膽嘗試理論跨界，以古典理論回應當代議題，同時提出政治哲學所關懷的重要議題及概念，必須將科技發展納入視野，且必然隨著科技的發展而改變。無論是人文學術界、技術工程界、產業界或是政策制定者，都不可不知與AI相關的規範性理論，及本書所提供的理論框架。本書適合所有關注AI技術的讀者，及所有關心總體趨勢的讀者。「人工智慧在根本上是一個政治的領域，這本書闡明了其中的原因。本書涵蓋了關於不平等、民主、權力和後人類主義的爭論，並顯示了社會和政治理論對於理解人工智慧的重要性。」凱特．克勞馥，《人工智慧最後的秘密》（Atlas of AI: Power, Politics, and the Planetary Costs of Artificial Intelligence）作者「與人工智慧相關的倫理學與政治哲學這兩個領域，聚焦在許多相同的問題上，但很難看到後者的豐富歷史被用來理解人工智慧的政治。科克爾柏格在這本重要的著作，給出了一個值得注目的例外。」Henrik Skaug Sætra，奧斯陸大學資訊學系助理教授「科克爾柏格的真正重點在於，他展示了數千年的哲學思想不會因為數字工程的成就而變得過時。」Scott McLemee，《高等教育》（Insid

台灣進入大航海時代、正式站上世界舞台將屆400週年，國際政治與經濟局勢來到轉折點，未來十年將是台灣的「關鍵時間」！ 從2022到2032，這未來的十年將是台灣重要的「政治時間」。本書提出產業棲息地作為數位轉型的創新基地，也是強化產業轉型的「加工廠」。以替代係數與加工度係數診斷產業創新指標，以產業的影響力係數與感應度係數 檢驗產業結構的變化樣態。這些步驟的落實將關係著產業棲息地的功能性，可以做為產業能否成功轉型的重要判 斷依據，而舊產業組織型態也必須調整或重新組合。 本書探討產業的轉型路徑，以MLP多層次模型分析企業在產業棲息地內的研究創新與轉型，並以螺旋發展理論模式完成高度產業化，創造更高的附加價值，以期達到產業成長、就業增加、環境改善、技術創新、提升競爭力、創造性財政以及降低城鄉差距等效益。一但數位轉型成功，將優化人力需求結構與知識含量，提高單位勞動生產力，提高企業利潤，並改善本國年輕人的就業機會與工資結構。 作者提出，數位科技的進步將促進社會經濟結構轉型為共生、共好、共進化的形態，與此同時，應接續採用國際產業棲息地發展理論下的DIEMs戰略，透過外交(Diplomacy)、情報(Intelligence)、軍事(Military)、經濟(Economy)與台灣獨特的軟實力(soft power)等五大構面，做為確保國家安全體系的基礎，形成台灣融入國際的生態系統，進而推動台灣國家正常化的轉型，帶領台灣邁向真正正常的主權國家。 透過以新產業政策為核心，新財政與新金融為輔的「三位一體改革」， 從社會經濟結構轉型推動國家轉型，進而邁向「國家正常化」的目標！ 各界推薦人 「佳龍結合紮實的理論與豐富的實務經驗，提出後疫情時代的全球經濟的發展趨勢方針。樂見這本書能給讀者更寬廣的視野、更多元的思考面向。」──總統 蔡英文 「面對全球大環境的變動，佳龍兄以宏觀的角度，從臺灣過往的經濟發展歷程、新經濟時代的數位資訊發展，以及產業棲息地策略，深入分析產業間的跨域整合與互利共生，也擘劃出引領未來臺灣經濟產業發展模式的整體藍圖。」──行政院副院長 沈榮津 「這是一本適合一讀再讀且值得參考及收藏的書，讀者可以透過此書了解政府、企業和社會經濟之間的關係與如何協力合作，在數位轉型的「雙螺旋效應」下，政府和企業推動新政策能為台灣創造希望與未來發展，帶領台灣走向永續經營。」──鴻海科技集團董事長

AS HEARD ON NPR'S "SCIENCE FRIDAY"Discover the book that Malcolm Gladwell, Susan Cain, Daniel Pink, and Adam Grant want you to read this year, an "accessible, informative, and hilarious" introduction

Implementing Digital Forensic Readiness: From Reactive to Proactive Process, Second Edition presents the optimal way for digital forensic and IT security professionals to implement a proactive approac

This book explores a proactive and domain-driven method to classification tasks. This novel proactive approach to data mining not only induces a model for predicting or explaining a phenomenon, but al

PROACTIVE SECURITY ADMINISTRATION, 2/e is completely updated and introduces current theory, critical issues, and best practices for the proactive delivery of security services. It offers balanced, r

Why do some companies succeed better than others? It is well known that there are many variables such which may impact a company's performance. The authors present their new model for Market Proactive

Classroom Management: A Proactive Approach, Second Edition is written on the basis of three principles: community, prevention of discipline problems, and positive support for students with behavior di

You don't need sophisticated statistical analysis or software to improve the probability of project success. This book offers a proactive project management process for managing project risk from proj

Regulatory Counter-Terrorism explores an emerging terrain where the global governance of terrorism is expanding. This terrain is that of proactive regulatory governance – the management of the day-to-

This book focuses on Prime Minister Abe’s policy toward international peace and security proposed in 2013 under the basic principle of ‘proactive contribution to peace’. To this end, this book investi

Taking Care of Business: Police Detectives, Drug Law Enforcement and Proactive Investigation offers a rich and insightful empirical study of drug investigations, based on extensive fieldwork undertake

This Brief provides a quantitative and qualitative analysis of proactive strategies for management transitions in criminal justice and other public administration civic service agencies. These organiz

Proactive Spoken Dialogue Interaction in Multi-Party Environments describes spoken dialogue systems that act as independent dialogue partners in the conversation with and between users. The resulting

Today’s sales managers have to be quicker than ever, being more proactive about hiring the best performers and retaining them, multi-tasking, and managing complex sales processes in order to close mor

Proactive Support of Labor enhances professional labor and delivery skills by providing the expertise for preventing prolonged labor which is the root-cause of women's dissatisfaction with the experie

Building on the concrete advice and practical, powerful strategies revealed in its predecessor, More ProActive Sales Management provides harried sales managers with a proven method for managing the sa

In the digital world, the significance of emotional intelligence (EI) will gain further importance as technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and automation partly or fully replace human int

In this Element, I first introduce intelligence in terms of historical definitions. I show that intelligence, as conceived even by the originators of the first intelligence tests, Alfred Binet and David Wechsler, is a much broader construct than just scores on narrow tests of intelligence and their proxies. I then review the major approaches to understanding intelligence and its development: the psychometric (test-based), cognitive and neurocognitive (intelligence as a set of brain-based cognitive representations and processes), systems, cultural, and developmental. These approaches, taken together, present a much more complex portrait of intelligence and its development than the one that would be ascertained just from scores on intelligence tests. Finally, I draw some take-away conclusions.

This book addresses the integration of all the new tools and technologies presented in today’s plethora of artificial intelligence tools and technologies to boost and enhance business intelligence. It

This book addresses the integration of all the new tools and technologies presented in today’s plethora of artificial intelligence tools and technologies to boost and enhance business intelligence. It

The exposure of two senior republicans as informers for British intelligence in 2005 led to a popular perception that the IRA had 'lost' the intelligence war and was pressurised into peace. In this first in-depth study across the entire conflict, Thomas Leahy re-evaluates the successes and failures of Britain's intelligence activities against the IRA, from the use of agents and informers to special-forces, surveillance and electronic intelligence. Using new interview material alongside memoirs and Irish and UK archival materials, he suggests that the IRA was not forced into peace by British intelligence. His work sheds new light on key questions in intelligence and security studies. How does British intelligence operate against paramilitaries? Is it effective? When should governments 'talk to terrorists'? And does regional variation explain the outcome of intelligence conflicts? This is a major contribution to the history of the conflict and of why peace emerged in Northern Ireland.

The exposure of two senior republicans as informers for British intelligence in 2005 led to a popular perception that the IRA had 'lost' the intelligence war and was pressurised into peace. In this first in-depth study across the entire conflict, Thomas Leahy re-evaluates the successes and failures of Britain's intelligence activities against the IRA, from the use of agents and informers to special-forces, surveillance and electronic intelligence. Using new interview material alongside memoirs and Irish and UK archival materials, he suggests that the IRA was not forced into peace by British intelligence. His work sheds new light on key questions in intelligence and security studies. How does British intelligence operate against paramilitaries? Is it effective? When should governments 'talk to terrorists'? And does regional variation explain the outcome of intelligence conflicts? This is a major contribution to the history of the conflict and of why peace emerged in Northern Ireland.

Written by the foremost experts in human intelligence. It not only includes traditional topics, such as the nature, measurement, and development of intelligence, but also contemporary research into intelligence and video games, collective intelligence, emotional intelligence, and leadership intelligence. In an area of study that has been fraught with ideological differences, this Handbook provides scientifically balanced and objective chapters covering a wide range of topics. It does not shy away from material that historically has been emotionally charged and sometimes covered in biased ways, such as intellectual disability, race and intelligence, culture and intelligence, and intelligence testing. The overview provided by this two-volume set leaves virtually no area of intelligence research uncovered, making it an ideal resource for undergraduates, graduate students, and professionals looking for a refresher or a summary of the new developments.

Written by the foremost experts in human intelligence. It not only includes traditional topics, such as the nature, measurement, and development of intelligence, but also contemporary research into intelligence and video games, collective intelligence, emotional intelligence, and leadership intelligence. In an area of study that has been fraught with ideological differences, this Handbook provides scientifically balanced and objective chapters covering a wide range of topics. It does not shy away from material that historically has been emotionally charged and sometimes covered in biased ways, such as intellectual disability, race and intelligence, culture and intelligence, and intelligence testing. The overview provided by this two-volume set leaves virtually no area of intelligence research uncovered, making it an ideal resource for undergraduates, graduate students, and professionals looking for a refresher or a summary of the new developments.

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