Biorefineries - Industrial Processes And Products - Status Quo And Future Directions

Now available in softcover!
This successful book is devoted to biorefineries and biobased industrial technologies, and, as such, is directed towards the technological principles of biorefineries, green processes, plants, concepts, current and forthcoming biobased product lines, as well as the economic aspects. Since the hot topics of green chemistry and green processes are of a multidisciplinary interest, this book will benefit the whole spectrum of the process industry, including chemical engineers, process engineers, apparatus construction engineers, chemical industry, chemists in industry, and biotechnologists.
The editors and authors are all internationally recognized experts from industry and academia, including Dr. Patrick Gruber, the former Vice President and Chief Technology Officer at Cargill Dow, winner of the U.S. Presidential Green Chemistry Award and holder of more than 40 patents.

Birgit Kamm studied chemistry at the Technical University of Merseburg, Germany where she obtained her Diploma in 1986, and received her Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry in 1991 at the Institute of Organic Chemistry (with Prof. M. Schulz and Prof. E. Fanghanel). After receiving a grant from the German Federal Environmental Foundation in 1997, she joined the Institute of Chemistry (with Prof. E. Kleinpeter and Prof. M.G. Peter), University of Potsdam, where she finished her Habilitation in Organic Chemistry in 2005. She founded the Biorefinery Association Berlin-Brandenburg, Germany, in 1997. Since 1998 she has been a member of the board of the Research Institute of Bioactive Polymer Systems (biopos e.V.), and since 2001 she has been scientific director of this institute.
Patrick Gruber is currently President and CEO of Outlast Technologies. He is the former Vice President and Chief Technology Officer at NatureWorks LLC (formerly Cargill Dow LLC), USA. He has over 40 patents to his name and has repeatedly won top awards for his work in chemicals made from renewable resources, including the Discovery Award for Environmental Innovation awarded by the Christopher Columbus Fellowship Foundation, the US Presidential Green Chemistry Award, and the US Department of Energy Technology of the Year Award 2001, together with Cargill Dow Inc., for the pioneering NatureWorks PLA project. He has served on the Advisory Board to the Energy Futures Coalition, The DOE/USDA Biomass Federal Advisory Board, and several other boards.
Michael Kamm studied organic chemistry at the Technical University of Merseburg, Germany, where he graduated with his Diploma. After a research assistantship in Halle-Wittenberg he moved to Potsdam University, co-founded the research institute biopos e.V. where he was involved in the material utilization of renewable raw materials. Since the foundation of biorefinery.de GmbH in 2001 he was President of this company with its headquarter in Potsdam, Germany. He authored and co-authored more than 60 scientific publications and is the holder of 15 international patents.

"This successful book is devoted to biorefineries and biobased industrial technologies, and, as such, is directed towards the technological principles of biorefineries, green processes, plants, concepts, current and forthcoming biobased product lines, as well as the economic aspects." (4G Wireless Evolution, 8 February 2011)
"Altogether, the edition is an interdisciplinary effort to collect knowledge, experience, and potential in the field of biomass treatment and utilization from a rather chemical point of view. It is a useful source of information for interested scientists, technologists, and engineers in chemistry, agricultural and food sciences and technology as well as related fields."
Starch/Starke

"The book covers a wide range of topics and is, to my knowledge, the best and most comprehensive review of biorefineries. It is the work of 85 experts from universities, R&D institutes, industry and commerce. The authors address the challenges of moving towards a sustainable society in which biological feedstocks, processes and products become the main pillars of the economy, together with the science and technology that makes this transition possible, including economic, infrastructure and policy issues."
Chemistry World

"The topics presented in this volume are challenges of moving toward a sustainable society in which bio-based feedstocks, processes and products are fundamental pillars of the economy. One important feature of the book is that it discusses the necessary topics of economics, infrastructure and policy. The book can be a very valuable scientific support for the specialists interested in conservation of non-renewable resources and development of biorefineries - technologies for bio-conversion."
Environmental Engineering and Management Journal

Editors's Preface.
Foreword (Henning Hopf).
Foreword (Paul T. Anastas).
VOLUME 1.
PART I Background and Outline – Principles and Fundamentals.
1 Biorefinery Systems – An Overview (Birgit Kamm, Michael Kamm, Patrick R. Gruber and Stefan Kromus).
1.1 Introduction.
1.2 Historical Outline.
1.3 Situation.
2 Biomass Refining Global Impact – The Biobased Economy of the 21st Century (Bruce E. Dale and Seungdo Kim).
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Historical Outline.
2.3 Supplying the Biorefinery.
2.4 How Will Biorefineries Develop Technologically?.
2.5 Sustainability of Integrated Biorefining Systems.
2.6 Conclusions.
3 Development of Biorefineries – Technical and Economic Considerations. (Bill Dean, Tim Dodge, Fernando Valle and Gopal Chotani).
3.1 Introduction.
3.2 Overview: The Biorefinery Model.
3.3 Feedstock and Conversion to Fermentable Sugar.
3.4 Technical Challenges.
3.5 Conclusions.
4 Biorefineries for the Chemical Industry　– A Dutch Point of View (Ed de Jong, René van Ree Rea, Robert van Tuil and Wolter Elbersen).
4.1 Introduction.
4.2 Historical Outline – The Chemical Industry: Current Situation and Perspectives.
4.3 Biomass: Technology and Sustainability.
4.4 The Chemical Industry: Biomass Opportunities – Biorefineries.
4.5 Conclusions, Outlook and Perspectives.
Part II Biorefinery Systems.
Lignocellulose Feedstock Biorefinery.
5 The Lignocellulosic Biorefinery　– A Strategy for Returning to a Sustainable Source of Fuels and Industrial Organic Chemicals (L. Davis Clements and Donald L.　Van Dyne).
5.1 The Situation.
5.2 The Strategy.
5.3 Comparison of Petroleum and Biomass Chemistry.
5.4 The Chemistry of the Lignocellulosic Biorefinery.
5.5 Examples of Integrated Biorefinery Applications.
5.6 Summary.
6 Lignocellulosic Feedstock Biorefinery: History and Plant Development for Biomass Hydrolysis (Raphael katzen and Daniel J. Schell).
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Hydrolysis of Biomass Materials.
6.3 Acid Hydrolysis Processes.
6.4 Enzymatic Hyrdrolysis Processes.
6.5 Conclusion.
7 The Biofine Process　– Production of Levulinic Acid, Furfural, and Formic Acid from Lignocellulosic Feedstocks (Daniel J. Hayes, Steve Fitzpatrick, Michael H.B. Hayes and Julian R.H. Ross).
7.1 Introduction.
7.2 Lignocellulosic Fractionation.
7.3 The Biofine Process.
7.4 Conclusion.
Whole Crop Biorefinery.
8 A Whole Crop Biorefinery System: A Closed System for the Manufacture of Non-food Products from Cereals (Apostolis A. Koutinas, Rouhang Wang, Grant M. Campbell and Colin Webb).
8.1 Intro.
8.2 Biorefineries Based on Wheat.
8.3 A Biorefinery Based on Oats.
8.4 Summary.
Fuel-Oriented Biorefineries.
9 Iogen's Demonstration Process for Producing Ethanol from Cellulosic Biomass (Jeffrey S. Tolan).
9.1 Introduction.
9.2 Process Overview.
9.3 Feedstock Selection.
9.4 Pretreatment.
9.5 Cellulase Enzyme Production.
9.6 Cellulose Hydrolysis.
9.7 Lignin Processing.
9.8 Sugar Fermentation and Ehtanol Recovery.
10 Sugar-based Biorefinery　– Technology for Integrated Production of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), Sugar, and Ethanol (Carlos Eduardo Vax Rossell, Paulo E. Mantelatto, José A.M. Agnelli and Jefter Nascimento).
10.1 Introduction.
10.2 Sugar Cane AGro Industry in Brazil – Historical Outline.
10.3 Biodegradable Plastics from Sugar Cane.
10.4 Poly(3-Hydroxybutyric Acid) Production Processes.
10.5 Outlook and Perspectives.
Biorefineries Based on Hybrid Thermochemcial Processing.
11 Biomass Refineries Based on Hybrid Thermochemical-Biological Processing　– An Overview (Robert C. Brown).
11.1 Introduction.
11.2 Historical Outline.
11.3 Gasification-Based Systems.
11.4 Fast Pyrolysis-based Systems.
11.5 Outlook and Perspectives.
Green Biorefineries.
12 The Green Biorefiner Concept　– Fundamentals and Potential (Stefan Kromus, Birgit Kamm, Michael Kamm, Paul Fowler and Michael Narodoslawsky).
12.1 Introduction.
12.2 Historical Outline.
12.3 Green Biorefinery Raw Materials.
12.4 Green Biorefinery Concept.
12.5 Processes and Products.
12.6 Green Biorefinery – Economic and Ecological Aspects.
12.7 Outlook and References.
13 Plant Juice in the Biorefinery – Use of Plant Juice as Fermentation Medium (Margrethe Andersen, Pauli Kiel and Mette Hedegaard Thomsen).
13.1 Introduction.
13.2 Historical Outline.
13.3 Biobased Poly(lactic Acid).
13.4 Materials and Methods.
13.5 Brown Juice.
13.6 Potato Juice.
13.7 Carbohydrate Source.
13.8 Purification of Lactic Acid.
13.9 Conclusion and Outlook.
PART III Biomass Production and Primary Biorefineries.
14 Biomass Commercialization and Agriculture Residue Collection (James Hettenhaus).
14.1 Introduction.
14.2 Historical Outline.
14.3 Biomass Value.
14.4 Sustainable Removal.
14.5 Innovative Methods for Collection, Storage and Transport.
14.6 Establishing Feedstock Supply.
14.7 Perspectives and Outlook.
15 The Corn Wet Milling and Corn Dry Milling Industry – A Base for Biorefinery Technology Developments (Donald L. Johnson).
15.1 Introduction.
15.2 The Corn Refinery.
15.3 The Modern Corn Refinery.
15.4 Carbohydrate Refining.
15.5 Outlook and Perspectives.
PART IV Biomass Conversion: Processes and Technologies.
16 Enzymes for Biorefineries (Sarah A. Teter, Feng Xu, Glenn E. Nedwin and Joel R. Cherry).
16.1 Introduction.
16.2 Biomass as a Substrate.
16.3 Enzymes Involved in Biomass Biodegradation.
16.4 Cellulase Development for Biomass Conversion.
16.5 Expression of Cellulases.
16.6 Range of Biobased Products.
16.7 Biorefineries: Outlook and Perspectives.
17 Biocatalytic and Catalytic Routes for the Production of Bulk and Fine Chemicals from Renewable Resources (Thomas Willke, Ulf Prüße and Klaus-Dieter Vorlop).
17.1 Introduction.
17.2 Historical Outline.
17.3 Processes.
VOLUME 2.
PART 1 Biobased Product Family Trees.
Carbohydrate-based Product Lines.
1 The Key Sugars of Biomass: Availability, Present Non-Food Uses and Potential Future Development Lines (Frieder W. Lichtenthaler).
1.1 Introduction.
1.2 Availability of Mono- and Disaccharides.
1.3 Current non-Food Industrial Uses of Sugars.
1.4 Toward Further Sugar-based Chemicals: Potential Development Lines.
1.5 Conclusion.
2 Industrial Starch Platform　– Status quo of Production, Modification and Application (Dietmar R. Grüll, Franz Jetzinger, Martin Kozich, Marnik M. Wastyn and Robert Wittenberger).
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Raw Material for Starch Production.
2.3 Industrial Production of Starch.
2.4 Properties of Commercial Starches.
2.5 Modification of Starch Water.
2.6 Application of Starch and Starch Derivatives.
2.7 Future Trends and Developments.
3 Lignocellulose-based Chemical Products and Product Family Trees (Birgit Kamm, Michael Kamm, Matthias Schmidt, Thomas Hirth and Margit Schulze).
3.1 Introduction.
3.2 Historical Outline of Chemical and Technical Aspects of Utilization Lignocellulose in the 19th and 20th Century.
3.3 Lignocellulosic Raw Material.
3.4 Lignocelluloses in Biorefineries.
3.5 Lignin-based Product Lines.
3.6 Hemicellulose-based Product Lines.
3.7 Cellulose-based Product Lines.
3.8 Outlook and Perspectives.
Lignin Line and Lignin-based Product Family Trees.
4 Lignin Chemistry and its Role in Biomass Conversion (Gösta Brunow).
4.1 Introduction.
4.2 Historical Overview.
4.3 The Structure of Lignin.
4.4 Role of Lignin in Biomass Conversion.
5 Industrial Lignin Production and Applications (E. Kendall Pye).
5.1 Introduction.
5.2 Historical Outline of Lignin Production and Applications.
5.3 Existing Industrial Lignin Products.
5.4 Lignin from Biorefineries.
5.5 Applications and Markets for Lignin.
5.6 Lignin as an Antioxidant.
5.7 Applications for Water-soluble, Derivatized Lignings.
5.8 New and Emerging Markets for Lignin.
5.9 Conclusions and Perspectives.
Protein Line and Amino-based Product Family Trees.
6 Towards Integration of Biorefinery and Microbial Amino Acid Production (Achim Marx, Volker F. Wendisch, Ralf Kelle and Stefan Buchholz).
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Present State of the Industry.
6.3 Environmental and Commercial Consideration of Microbial Amino Acid Production Integrated in a Biorefinery.
6.4 Technical Constraints for Integration of Microbial Amino Acid Fermentation into a Biorefinery.
6.5 Outlook and Perspectives.
7 Protein-based Polymers: Mechanistic Foundations for Bioproduction and Engineering (Dan W. Urry).
7.1 Introduction.
7.2 Historical Outline.
7.3 Bioproduction.
7.4 Purification of Protein-based Polymers.
7.5 Mechanistic Foundations for Engineering Protein-based Polymers.
7.6 Examples of Applications.
7.7 Outlook and Perspectives.
7.8 Patents.
Biobased Fats (Lipids) and Oils.
8 New Syntheses with Oils and Fats as Renewable Raw Materials for the Chemical Industry (Ursula Biermann, Wolfgang Friedt, Siegmund Lang, Wilfried Lühs, Guido Machmüller, Jürgen O. Metzger, Mark Rüsch gen. Klaas, Hans J. Schäfer and Manfred P. Schneider).
8.1 Introduction.
8.2 Reactions of Unstaurated Fatty Compounds.
8.3 Reactions of Saturated Fatty Compounds.
8.4 Enzymatic Reactions.
8.5 Improvement in Natural Oils and Fats by Plant Breeding.
8.6 Future Prospects.
9 Industrial Development and Application of Biobased Oleochemicals (Karlheinz Hill).
9.1 Introduction.
9.2 The Raw Materials.
9.3 Ecological Compatability.
9.4 Examples of Products.
9.5 Perspectives.
9.6 Trademarks.
Special Ingredients and Subsequent Products.
10 Phytochemicals, Dyes, and Pigments in the Biorefinery Context (George A. Kraus).
10.1 Introduction.
10.2 Historical Outline.
10.3 Phytochemicals from Corn and Soybeans.
10.4 Outlook and Perspectives.
11 Adding Color to Green Chemistry? An Overview of the Fundamentals and Potential of Chlorophylls (Mathias O. Senge and Julia Richter).
11.1 Introduction.
11.2 Historical Outline.
11.3 Chlorophyll Fundamentals.
11.4 Chlorophyll Breakdown and Chemical Transformations.
11.5 Industrial Uses of Chlorophyll Derivatives.
11.6 A Look at "Green" Chlorophyll Chemistry.
11.7 Outlook and Perspectives.
PART II Biobased Industrial Products, Materials and Consumer Products.
12 Industrial Chemicals from Biomass – Industrial Concepts (Johan Thoen and Rainer Busch).
12.1 Introduction.
12.2 Historical Outline.
12.3 Basic Principles.
12.4 Current Status.
12.5 Industrial Concepts.
12.6 Outlook and Perspectives.
13 Succinic Acid – A Model Building Block for Chemical Production from Renewable Resources (Todd Werpy, John Frye adn John Holladay).
13.1 Introduction.
13.2 Economics of Feedstock Supply.
13.3 Succinic Acid Fermentation.
13.4 Succinic Acid Catalytic Transformations.
13.5 Current Petrochemical Technology.
13.6 Derivatives of Diammonium Succinate.
13.7 Conclusions.
14 Polylactic Acid from Renewable Resources (Patrick Gruber, David E. Henton and Jack Starr).
14.1 Introduction.
14.2 Lactic Acid.
14.3 PLA Production.
14.4 Control of Crystalline Melting Point.
14.5 Rheology Control by Molecular Weight and Branching.
14.6 Melt Stability.
14.7 Applications and Performance.
14.8 PLA Stereocomplex.
14.9 Fossil Resource Use and Green House Gases.
14.10 Summary.
15 Biobased Consumer Products for Cosmetics (Thomas C. Kripp).
15.1 Introduction and Historical Outline.
15.2 Betaine, The Conditioner Made from Sugar Beet.
15.3 Chitosan, Hair-setting Agent from the Ocean.
15.4 From Energy Reserve to Shampoo Bottle: Biopol.
15.5 Natural Apple-peel Wax: Protection for Hair and Skin.
15.6 Ilex Resin: From Shiny Leaves to Shiny Hair.
PART III Biobased Industry: Economy, Commercialization and Sustainability.
16 Industrial Biotech　– Setting Conditions to Capitalize on the Economic Potential (Rolf Bachmann and Jens Riese).
16.1 Introduction.
16.2 Time to Exploit the Potential.
16.3 The Importance of Residual Biomass.
16.4 Overcoming the Challenges Ahead.
16.5 Overcoming Challenges.
16.6 More Needs to be Done.
Subject Index.