AN INTRODUCTION TO SYNCHROTRON RADIATION - TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS

This book introduces the reader to the basic concepts of the generation and manipulation of synchrotron light, its interaction with matter, and the application of synchrotron light in the “classical” techniques, while including some of the most modern technological developments. As much as possible, complicated mathematical derivations and formulas are avoided. A more heuristic approach is adopted, whereby the general physical reasoning behind the equations is highlighted.

Key features:

• A general introduction to synchrotron radiation and experimental techniques using synchrotron radiation
• Contains many detailed “worked examples” from the literature
• Includes problems embedded within the appropriate part of the text to facilitate learning
• Of interest for a broad audience - synchrotrons are possibly one of the best examples of multidisciplinary research
• Four-colour presentation throughout

Philip Willmott is a physicist with over 25 years' experience in diverse aspects of experimental physics and materials science. He was based at the Physical Chemistry Institute of Zurich University between 1995 and 2001, researching in surface science and teaching undergraduate courses in physical chemistry. He has been teaching elective courses in surface science, laser physics, and introductory courses in synchrotron physics and techniques since 2001 and has been a titular professor in the Physics Institute of Zurich University since 2009. He became the Beamline Manager at the Materials Science beamline of the Swiss Light Source at the Paul Scherrer Institut in 2007.

Preface 11

1 Introduction 1
1.1 A Potted History of X-rays 6
1.2 Synchrotron Sources over the Last Fifty Years 11
References 14

2 The interaction of x-rays with matter 17
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 18
2.3 Thomson Scattering 20
2.4 Compton scattering 22
2.5 Atomic Scattering Factors 23
2.6 The refractive index, reflection, and absorption 28
2.7 X-ray fluorescence and Auger emission 35
2.8 Concluding remarks 41
References 41

3 Synchrotron Physics 43
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Overview 43
3.3 Radiation from relativistic electrons 48
3.4 Radio frequency power supply and bunching 52
3.5 Photon beam properties 55
3.6 Bending magnets and superbends 61
3.7 Insertion devices 63
3.8 Future sources of synchrotron light 75
3.9 Concluding remarks 90
References 91

4 Beamlines 93
4.1 Introduction 93
4.2 Front end 93
4.3 Primary optics 97
4.4 Microfocus and nanofocus optics 114
4.5 Beam intensity monitors 121
4.6 Detectors 122
4.7 Time-resolved experiments 137
4.8 Concluding remarks 139
References 139

5 Scattering techniques 141
5.1 Introduction 141
5.2 Diffraction at synchrotron sources 142
5.3 Description of crystals 144
5.4 Basic tenets of x-ray diffraction 149
5.5 Diffraction and the convolution theorem 157
5.6 The phase problem and anomalous diffraction 160
5.7 Types of crystalline samples 169
5.8 Single crystal diffraction 172
5.9 Textured samples 180
5.10 Powder diffraction 183
5.11 Protein crystallography 188
5.12 Ultrafast diffraction using femtoslicing 201
5.13 Surface diffraction 202
5.14 Resonant x-ray diffraction 211
5.15 X-ray reflectometry 214
5.16 Small-angle x-ray scattering 223
5.17 Concluding remarks 235
References 236

6 Spectroscopic techniques 241
6.1 Introduction 241
6.2 X-ray absorption processes 242
6.3 Photoelectron energies, wavelengths and absorption regions 249
6.4 X-ray absorption near-edge structure, XANES 251
6.5 Extended x-ray absorption fine structure, EXAFS 260
6.6 Fluorescence spectroscopies 270
6.7 Scanning transmission x-ray microscopy, STXM 281
6.8 Photoemission electron microscopy 287
6.9 Photoemission spectroscopy 296
6.10 Concluding remarks 322
References 322

7 Imaging techniques 327
7.1 Introduction 327
7.2 Computed microtomography 328
7.3 Lensless imaging 352
7.4 Concluding remarks 361
References 362

A Physical constants relevant to synchrotron radiation 365