CERAMICS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - VOLUME 2 - MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES

Although ceramics have been known to mankind literally for millennia, research has never ceased. Apart from the classic uses as a bulk material in pottery, construction, and decoration, the latter half of the twentieth century saw an explosive growth of application fields, such as electrical and thermal insulators, wear-resistant bearings, surface coatings, lightweight armour, or aerospace materials. In addition to plain, hard solids, modern ceramics come in many new guises such as fabrics, ultrathin films, microstructures and hybrid composites.

Built on the solid foundations laid down by the 20-volume series Materials Science and Technology, Ceramics Science and Technology picks out this exciting material class and illuminates it from all sides.

Materials scientists, engineers, chemists, biochemists, physicists and medical researchers alike will find this work a treasure trove for a wide range of ceramics knowledge from theory and fundamentals to practical approaches and problem solutions.

Ralf Riedel has been a professor at the Institute of Materials Science of Darmstadt University of Technology since 1993. He received his degree in chemistry in 1984, followed by two years of dissertation work with Professor Ekkehard Fluck at the University of Stuttgart. After postdoctoral research at the Max-Planck Institute for Metals Research and the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Stuttgart, he gained his lecturing qualification in the field of inorganic chemistry in 1992. He is a member of the World Academy of Ceramics and Guest Professor at the Jiangsu University in Zhenjiang, China, a Fellow of the American Ceramic Society and a recipient of the Dionyz Stur Gold Medal for merits in natural sciences. In 2006 he received an honorary doctorate from the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia. Professor Riedel has published more than 300 papers and patents and is widely known for his research in the field of polymer derived ceramics and on ultra high pressure synthesis of new materials.

I-Wei Chen has been Skirkanich Professor of Materials Innovation at the University of Pennsylvania since 1997, where he also gained his master's degree in 1975. He received his bachelor's degree in physics from tsinghua University, Taiwan, in 1972, and earned his doctorate in metallurgy from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1980. He taught at the University of Michigan (Materials) during 1986-1997 and MIT (Nuclear Engineering; Materials) during 1980-1986. He began ceramic research studying martensitic transformations in zirconia nano crystals, which led to work on transformation plasticity , superplasticity, fatigue, grain growth and sintering in various oxides and nitrides. He is currently interested in nanotechnology of forroelectrics, thin film memory devices, and nano particles for biomedical applications. A Fellow of American Ceramic Society (1991) and recipient of its Ross Coffin Purdy Award (1994), Edward C. Henry Award (1999), Edward C. Henry Award (1999) and Sosman Award (2006), he authored over 90 papers in the Journal of the American Ceramic Society (1986-2006). He also received Humboldt Research Award for Senior U.S. Scientists (1997).

Preface.

List of Contributors.

I. Ceramic Material Classes.

1. Ceramic Oxides (DušanGalusek and Katarína Ghillányová).

1.1 Introduction.

1.2 Aluminum Oxide.

1.3 Magnesium Oxide.

1.4 Zinc Oxide.

1.5 Titanium Dioxide.

1.6 Zirconium Oxide.

1.7 Cerium Oxide.

1.8 Yttrium Oxide.

References.

2. Nitrides (Pavol Šajgalík, Zoltán Lenčéš, and Miroslav Hnatko).

2.1 Silicon Nitride.

2.2 Boron Nitride.

2.3 Aluminum Nitride.

2.4 Titanium Nitride.

2.5 Tantalum Nitride.

2.6 Chromium Nitride

2.7 Ternary Silicon Nitrides.

2.8 Light-Emitting Nitride and Oxynitride Phosphors.

References.

3. Gallium Nitride and Oxonitrides (Isabel Kinski and Paul F. McMillan).

3.1 Introduction.

3.2 Gallium Nitrides.

3.3 Gallium Oxides.

3.4 Gallium Oxonitrides.

3.5 Outlook.

References.

4. Silicon Carbide- and Boron Carbide-Based Hard Materials (Clemens Schmalzried and Karl A. Schwetz).

4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Structure and Chemistry.

4.3 Production and Particles and Fibers.

4.4 Dense Ceramic Shapes.

4.5 Properties of Silicon Carbide- and Boron Carbide-Based Materials.

4.6 Application of Carbides.

References.

5. Complex Oxynitrides (Derek P. Thompson).

5.1 Introduction.

5.2 Principles of Silicon-Based Oxynitride Structures.

5.3 Complex Si-Al-O-N Phases.

5.4 M-Si-Al-O-N Oxynitrides.

5.5 Oxynitride Glasses.

5.6 Oxynitride Glass Ceramics.

5.7 Conclusions.

References.

6. Perovskites (Vladimir Federov).

6.1 Introduction.

6.2 Crystal Structure.

6.3 Physical Properties.

6.4 Chemical and Catalytic Properties.

6.5 Summary.

References.

7. The M_n+1AX_n Phases and their Properties (Michel W. Barsoum).

7.1 Introduction.

7.2 Bonding and Structure.

7.3 Elastic Properties.

7.4 Electronic Transport.

7.5 Thermal Properties.

7.6 Mechanical Properties.

7.7 Tribological Properties and Machinability.

7.8 Concluding Remarks.

References.

II. Structures and Properties.

8. Structure-Property Relations (Tatsuki Ohji).

8.1 Introduction.

8.2 Self-Reinforced Silicon Nitrides.

8.3 Fibrous Grain-Aligned Silicon Nitrides (Large Grains).

8.4 Fibrous Grain-Aligned Silicon Nitrides (Small Grains).

8.5 Grain Boundary Phase Control.

8.6 Fibrous Grain-Aligned Porous Silicon Nitrides.

References.

9. Dislocations in Ceramics (Terence E. Mitchell).

9.1 Introduction.

9.2 The Critical Resolved Shear Stress.

9.3 Crystallography of Slip.

9.4 Dislocations in Particular Oxides.

9.5 Work Hardening.

9.6 Solution Hardening.

9.7 Closing Remarks.

References.

10. Defect Structure, Nonstoichiometry, and Nonstoichiometry Relaxation of Complex Oxides (Han-Ill Yoo).

10.1 Introduction.

10.2 Defect Structure.

10.3 Oxygen Nonstoichiometry.

10.4 Nonstoichiometry Re-Equilibration.

References.

11. Interfaces and Microstructures in Materials (Wook Jo and Nong-Moon Hwang).

11.1 Introduction.

11.2 Interfaces in Materials.

11.3 Practical Implications.

11.4 Summary and Outlook.

References.

III. Mechanical Properties.

12. Fracture of Ceramics (Robert Danzer, Tanja Lube, Peter Supancic, and Rajiv Damani).

12.1 Introduction.

12.2 Appearance of Failure and Typical Failure Modes.

12.3 A Short Overview of Damage Mechanisms.

12.4 Brittle Fracture.

12.5 Probabilistic Aspects of Brittle Fracture.

12.6 Delayed Fracture.

12.7 Concluding Remarks.

References.

13. Creep Mechanisms in Commercial Grades of Silicon Nitride (František Lofaj and Sheldon M. Wiederhorn).

13.1 Introduction.

13.2 Material Characterization.

13.3 Discussion of Experimental Data.

13.4 Models of Creep in Silicon Nitride.

13.5 Conclusions.

References.

14. Fracture Resistance of Ceramics (Mark Hoffman).

14.1 Introduction.

14.2 Theory of Fracture.

14.3 Toughened Ceramics.

14.4 Influence of Crack Growth Resistance Curve Upon Failure by Fracture.

14.5 Determination of Fracture Resistance.

14.6 Fatigue.

14.7 Concluding Remarks.

References.

15. Superplasticity in Ceramics: Accommodation-Controlling Mechanisms Revisited (Arturo Domínguez-Rodríguez and Diego Gómez-García).

15.1 Introduction.

15.2 Macroscopic and Microscopic Features of Superplasticity.

15.3 Nature of the Grain Boundaries.

15.4 Accommodation Processes in Superplasticity.

15.5 Applications of Superplasticity.

15.6 Future Prospective in the Field.

References.

IV. Thermal, Electrical, and Magnetic Properties.

16. Thermal Conductivity (Kiyoshi Hirao and You Zhou).

16.1 Introduction.

16.2 Thermal Conductivity of Dielectric Ceramics.

16.3 High-Thermal Conductivity Nonoxide Ceramics.

16.4 Mechanical Properties of High-Thermal Conductivity Si₃N₄ Ceramics.

16.5 Concluding Remarks.

References.

17. Electrical Conduction in Nanostructured Ceramics (Harry L. Tuller, Scott J. Litzelman, and George C. Whitfield).

17.1 Introduction.

17.2 Space Charge Layers in Semiconducting Ceramics Materials.

17.3 Effect of Space Charge Profiles on the Observed Conductivity.

17.4 Influence of Nanostructure on Charge Carrier Distributions.

17.5 Case Studies.

17.6 Conclusions and Observations.

References.

18. Ferroelectric Properties (Doru C. Lupascu and Maxim I. Morozov).

18.1 Introduction.

18.2 Intrinsic Properties: The Anisotropy of Properties.

18.3 Extrinsic Properties: Hard and Soft Ferroelectrics.

18.4 Textured Ferroelectric Materials.

18.5 Ferroelectricity and Magnetism.

18.6 Fatigue in Ferroelectric Materials.

References.

19. Magnetics Properties of Transition-Metal Oxides: From Bulk to Nano (Polona Umek, Andrej Zorko, and Denis Arčon).

19.1 Introduction.

19.2 Properties of Transition Metal 3d Orbitals.

19.3 Iron Oxides.

19.4 Ferrites.

19.5 Chromium Dioxide.

19.6 Manganese Oxide Phases.

19.7 Concluding Remarks.

References.

Index.