Bioelectronics - From Theory To Applications

Medicine, chemistry, physics and engineering stand poised to benefit within the next few years from the ingenuity of complex biological structures invented and perfected by nature over millions of years.
This book provides both researchers and engineers as well as students of all the natural sciences a vivid insight into the world of bioelectronics and nature's own nanotechnological treasure chamber.

Itamar Willner is Professor of Chemistry at the Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. He graduated from the Hebrew University (1978), and after postdoctoral research at Berkley, he joined the faculty in Jerusalem in 1982. Prof. Willner is well known for his research in the areas of molecular electronics and optoelectronics, nanotechnology, bioelectronics, biosensors, optobioelectronics, nanobiotechnology, supramolecular chemistry, nanoscale chemistry and monolayer and thin-film assemblies. Prof. Willner holds the Israel Prize in Chemistry (2002), the Israel Chemical Society Award (2001) and the Max-Planck Research Award for International Cooperation (1998). He is a member of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities and a member of the European Academy of Sciences.

Eugenii Katz is a Senior Research Associate at the Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. He completed his Ph.D. in 1983 at the Frumkin Institute of Electrochemistry, Moscow, and until 1991 acted as senior scientist at the Institute of Photosynthesis, Pushchino, Russia. In 1991 he performed postdoctoral research at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and later, as a recipient of the Humboldt scholarship, he worked at the Technical University of Munich (1993). He joined the research group of I. Willner at the Hebrew University in 1994. Dr. Katz holds the Kaye Awards for Scientific Innovations (1995 and 2004). His research interests include electroanalytical chemistry, functionalized monolayers, functionalized nanoparticles, biosensors, biofuel cells and bioelectronics.

Preface.

List of Contributors.

1 Bioelectronics – An Introduction (Itamar Willner and Eugenii Katz).

2 Electron Transfer Through Proteins (Jay R. Winkler, HarryB.Gray, TatianaR. Prytkova, Igor V. Kurnikov, and David N. Beratan).

2.1 Electronic Energy Landscapes.

2.2 Theory of Electron Tunneling.

2.3 Tunneling Pathways.

2.4 Coupling-limited ET Rates and Tests of the Pathway Model.

2.5 Multiple Tunneling PathwayModels.

2.6 Interprotein Electron Transfer: Docking and Tunneling.

2.7 Some New Directions in Electron Transfer Theory and Experiment.

2.8 Concluding Remarks.

3 Reconstituted Redox Enzymes on Electrodes: From Fundamental Understanding of Electron Transfer at Functionalized Electrode Interfaces to Biosensor and Biofuel Cell Applications (BilhaWillner and ItamarWillner).

3.1 Introduction.

3.2 Electrodes Functionalized with Reconstituted Redox Proteins.

3.3 Electrical Contacting of Redox Proteins by Cross-linking of Cofactor-Enzyme Affinity Complexes on Surfaces.

3.4 Reconstituted Enzyme-Electrodes for Biofuel Cell Design.

3.5 Conclusions and Perspectives.

4 Application of Electrically Contacted Enzymes for Biosensors (FriederW. Scheller, Fred Lisdat, and Ulla Wollenberger).

4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Biosensors – Precursors of Bioelectronics.

4.3 Via Miniaturization to Sensor Arrays – The Biochip.

4.4 The Route to Electrically Contacted Enzymes in Biosensors.

4.5 Routine Applications of Enzyme Electrodes.

4.6 Research Applications of Directly Contacted Proteins.

4.7 Conclusions.

5 Electrochemical DNA Sensors (Emil Palecek and Miroslav Fojta).

5.1 Introduction.

5.2 Natural Electroactivity and Labeling of Nucleic Acids.

5.3 Sensors for DNA and RNA Hybridization.

5.4 Sensors for DNA Damage.

6 Probing Biomaterials on Surfaces at the Single Molecule Level for Bioelectronics (Barry D. Fleming, Shamus J. O’Reilly, and H. Allen O. Hill).

6.1 Methods for Achieving Controlled Adsorption of Biomolecules.

6.2 Methods for Investigating Adsorbed Biomolecules.

6.3 Surfaces Patterned with Biomolecules.

6.4 Attempts at Addressing Single Biomolecules.

6.5 Conclusions.

7 Interfacing Biological Molecules with Group IV Semiconductors for Bioelectronic Sensing (Robert J. Hamers).

7.1 Introduction.

7.2 Semiconductor Substrates for Bioelectronics.

7.3 Chemical Functionalization.

7.4 Electrical Characterization of DNA-modified Surfaces.

7.5 Extension to Antibody–Antigen Detection.

7.6 Summary.

8 Biomaterial-nanoparticle Hybrid Systems for Sensing and Electronic Devices (JosephWang, Eugenii Katz, and ItamarWillner).

8.1 Introduction.

8.2 Biomaterial–nanoparticle Systems for Bioelectrochemical Applications.

8.3 Application of Redox-functionalized Magnetic Particles for Triggering and Enhancement of Electrocatalytic and Bioelectrocatalytic Processes.

8.4 Conclusions and Perspectives.

9 DNA-templated Electronics (Kinneret Keren, Uri Sivan, and Erez Braun).

9.1 Introduction and Background.

9.2 DNA-templated Electronics.

9.3 DNA Metallization.

9.4 Sequence-specific Molecular Lithography.

9.5 Self-assembly of a DNA-templated Carbon Nanotube Field-effect Transistor.

9.6 Summary and Perspective.

10 Single Biomolecule Manipulation for Bioelectronics (Yoshiharu Ishii and Toshio Yanagida).

10.1 Single Molecule Manipulation.

10.2 Mechanical Properties of Biomolecules.

10.3 Manipulation and Molecular Motors.

10.4 Different Types of Molecular Motors.

10.5 DirectMeasurements of the Interaction Forces.

11 Molecular Optobioelectronics (Eugenii Katz and Andrew N. Shipway).

11.1 Introduction.

11.2 Electronically Transduced Photochemical Switching of Redox-enzyme Biocatalytic Reactions.

11.3 Electronically Transduced Reversible Bioaffinity Interactions at Photoisomerizable Interfaces.

11.4 Photocurrent Generation as a TransductionMeans for Biocatalytic and Biorecognition Processes.

12 The Neuron-semiconductor Interface (Peter Fromherz).

12.1 Introduction.

12.2 Ionic–Electronic Interface.

12.3 Neuron–Silicon Circuits.

12.4 Brain–Silicon Chips.

12.5 Summary and Outlook.

13 S-Layer Proteins in Bioelectronic Applications (Stefan H. Bossmann).

13.1 Introduction.

13.2 S-layer Proteins and Porins.

13.3 Experimental Methods Developed for Hybrid Bioelectronic Systems.

13.4 Applications of S-layer Proteins at Surfaces.

13.5 Molecular Nanotechnology Using S-layers.

13.6 Immobilization and Electrochemical Conducting of Enzymes in S-layer Lattices.

13.7 Conclusions.

14 Computing with Nucleic Acids (Milan N. Stojanovic, Darko Stefanovic, Thomas LaBean, and Hao Yan).

14.1 Introduction.

14.2 Massively Parallel Approaches.

14.3 The Seeman–Winfree Paradigm:Molecular Self-assembly.

14.4 The Rothemund–Shapiro Paradigm: Simulating StateMachines.

14.5 Nucleic Acid Catalysts in Computation.

14.6 Conclusion.

15 Conclusions and Perspectives (Itamar Willner and Eugenii Katz).

Subject Index.