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The papers presented here were first delivered at a conference held at the University of Bergen, Norway, in 2007. Rankovic, along with other contributors base their interpretations on the "oral-literate continuum," which is explained in the first three essays. The other two sections address the passage from memory to written record in medieval Europe, particularly Scandinavia. Several essays look at Norse epics and the oral/written blending. Others demonstrate the purpose of a document made only to record what was essentially an oral ritual made in front of witnesses. Some discuss the porous nature of literate behavior in which those without reading and writing skills still might participate in literary activities. The articles on theory bring the discussion up to the present with the use of electronic information that clearly incorporates both oral and written communication. Distributed in North America by The David Brown Book Co. Annotation c2011 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)