Fundamentals and Applications of Ultrasonic Waves

Written at an intermediate level in a way that is easy to understand, Fundamentals and Applications of Ultrasonic Waves, Second Edition provides an up-to-date exposition of ultrasonics and some of its main applications. Designed specifically for newcomers to the field, this fully updated second edition emphasizes underlying physical concepts over mathematics.
The first half covers the fundamentals of ultrasonic waves for isotropic media. Starting with bulk liquid and solid media, discussion extends to surface and plate effects, at which point the author introduces new modes such as Rayleigh and Lamb waves. This focus on only isotropic media simplifies the usually complex mathematics involved, enabling a clearer understanding of the underlying physics to avoid the complicated tensorial description characteristic of crystalline media.

The second part of the book addresses a broad spectrum of industrial and research applications, including quartz crystal resonators, surface acoustic wave devices, MEMS and microacoustics, and acoustic sensors. It also provides a broad discussion on the use of ultrasonics for non-destructive evaluation. The author concentrates on the developing area of microacoustics, including exciting new work on the use of probe microscopy techniques in nanotechnology.
Focusing on the physics of acoustic waves, as well as their propagation, technology, and applications, this book addresses viscoelasticity, as well as new concepts in acoustic microscopy. It updates coverage of ultrasonics in nature and developments in sonoluminescence, and it also compares new technologies, including use of atomic force acoustic microscopy and lasers. Highlighting both direct and indirect applications for readers working in neighboring disciplines, the author presents particularly important sections on the use of microacoustics and acoustic nanoprobes in next-generation devices and instruments.

J. David N. Cheeke received his bachelor’s and master’s degrees in engineering physics from the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, in 1959 and 1961, respectively, and his Ph.D in low temperature physics from Nottingham University, United Kingdom, in 1965. He then joined the Low Temperature Laboratory, CNRS, Grenoble, France, and also served as professor of physics at the Université de Grenoble. In 1975, Dr. Cheeke moved to the Université de Sherbrooke, Canada, where he set up an ultrasonics laboratory, specializing in physical acoustics, acoustic microscopy, and acoustic sensors. In 1991, he joined the physics department at Concordia University, Montreal, where he was head of an ultrasonics laboratory. He was chair of the department from 1992 to 2000. In 2003 he retired from Concordia University and became Vice President, Operations, of Microbridge Technologies, Inc., Montreal, a spinoff from Concordia University. He retired from Microbridge in 2006 and has lived in Victoria, BC, since that time. He has published more than 150 papers on various aspects of ultrasonics and acoustics. He is a senior member of the IEEE.

Ultrasonics: An Overview
Introduction
Ultrasonics in Nature
Historical Development
Physical Acoustics
Low-Frequency Bulk Acoustic Wave Applications
Surface Acoustic Waves
Piezoelectric Materials
High-Power Ultrasonics
Medical Ultrasonics
Acousto-Optics
Underwater Acoustics and Seismology

Introduction to Vibrations and Waves
Vibrations
Wave Motion

Bulk Waves in Fluids
One-Dimensional Theory of Fluids
Three-Dimensional Model

Introduction to the Theory of Elasticity
A Short Introduction to Tensors
Strain Tensor
Stress Tensor
Thermodynamics of Deformation
Hooke’s Law
Other Elastic Constants

Bulk Acoustic Waves in Solids
1D Model of Solids
Wave Equation in Three Dimensions
Material Properties
Viscoelastic Solids

Finite Beams: Radiation, Diffraction, and Scattering
Radiation
Scattering
Focused Acoustic Waves
Radiation Pressure
Doppler Effect

Reflection and Transmission of Ultrasonic Waves at Interfaces
Introduction
Reflection and Transmission at Normal Incidence
Oblique Incidence: Fluid–Fluid Interface
Fluid–Solid Interface
Solid–Solid Interface

Rayleigh Waves
Introduction
Rayleigh Wave Propagation
Fluid-Loaded Surface

Lamb Waves
Potential Method for Lamb Waves
Fluid-Loading Effects

Acoustic Waveguides
Introduction: Partial Wave Analysis
Waveguide Equation: SH Modes
Lamb Waves
Rayleigh Waves
Layered Substrates
Multilayer Structures
Free Isotropic Cylinder
Waveguide Configurations

Crystal Acoustics
Introduction
Group Velocity and Characteristic Surfaces
Piezoelectricity

Cavitation and Sonoluminescence
Bubble Dynamics
Multibubble Sonoluminescence
Single Bubble SL

Bulk Acoustic Wave Transducers, Delay Lines, and Oscillators
Bulk Acoustic Wave Transducers
Bulk Acoustic Wave Delay Lines
Quartz Crystal Resonators
Silicon Oscillators

Surface Acoustic Wave Transducers, Analog Signal Processing, and Mobile Applications
Introduction
Basic Components
Materials and Technology

Signal Processing
Saw Applications
Saw Wireless Communication to Coded Devices

Microacoustics: RF MEMS, FBAR, and CMUT
Introduction
Overview of MEMS Technology
Rf MEMS
FBAR
CMUT Capacitive Transducers

Acoustic Sensors
Thickness-Shear Mode Resonators
Saw Sensors
SH-Type Sensors
Flexural Plate Wave Sensors
CMUT Chem/Biosensor
FBAR Liquid Sensors
Thin-Rod Acoustic Sensors
Gravimetric Sensitivity Analysis and Comparison
Physical Sensing of Liquids
Chemical Gas Sensors
Taste Sensing: Electronic Tongue
Biosensing
Perspectives in Acoustic Sensors

Focused Beam Acoustic Microscopy
Introduction
Resolution
Acoustic Lens Design
Contrast Mechanisms and Quantitative Measurements
Applications of Acoustic Microscopy

Near-Field Acoustic Microscopy
Introduction
Scanning Tunneling Microscope
Atomic Force Microscope
Ultrasonic AFM
Contact Resonance Force Microscopy
Mechanical Diode Effect Microscopy
Acoustic Wave Probe Microscopy
Other Probe Microscopies
Perspectives

Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials
Introduction
Surfaces
Plates
Layered Structures
Adhesion
Thickness Gauging
Process Control
Structural Health Monitoring
Time Reversal Mirrors

Non/Loosely Contacting NDE Techniques
Laser Ultrasonics
Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers
Air-Coupled Transducers
Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy

　
Appendix A: Bessel Functions
Appendix B: Acoustic Properties of Materials
Appendix C: Complementary Laboratory Experiments